TheRhinelandorRipuarian Franks, also often referred to using theLatin pluralsRibuarii, orRipuarii,[1] were theFranks who established themselves in and around the formerly Roman city ofCologne, on theRhine river in what is nowGermany.
Until the 1950s the Ribuarii were seen as the easternmost of two distinct "sub tribes" of the Franks who ruled two large neighbouring regions in northernGaul after the collapse of the Roman empire in the fifth century AD. According to this tradition, which continues to be influential, the Ribuarii ruled not just theRhineland area near Cologne, but all or most of what would later become theAustrasian orLotharingian region – stretching from present day southern Belgium to the Rhine in present day Germany and theNetherlands. Their western counterparts in this scenario are theSalii, or "Salian Franks", who took control of what is now northern France. This traditional vision of two very large tribes of Franks with large territories is based mainly on two 7th century Frankish legal codes, theLex Ripuaria andLex Salica. These laws refer to different geographical jurisdictions, and it was believed that the boundary between them was in theArdennes andSilva Carbonaria in what is now southern Belgium.
Since the 1950s the term Ripuarian is no longer seen as having its origins as a tribal name, even if it eventually became the name for a specific population based in Cologne. There has also been ongoing scholarly debate about when and how the term Ripuarian was, if ever, applied to the much larger Austrasian region as opposed to the much smaller region around Cologne. TheLex Ripuaria itself is now seen mainly as a law code of the Cologne Rhineland covering such neighbouring towns asBonn,Zülpich,Jülich andNeuss.
Before theLex Ripuaria there is a possible mention of theRipuarii in the 6th-century Byzantine writerJordanes. In his account of theBattle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451 AD he referred to theRiparii among the units fighting as auxiliaries under the RomanAetius, againstAttila. They are listed together with forces with ethnic designations including Franks,Sarmatians,Armoricans,Burgundians,Saxons.Eugen Ewig argued that theseRiparii are not from Cologne, but rather a military unit mentioned in theNotitia Dignitatum, who based on theRhône river in what is now southern France. Springer however argues against this interpretation, noting that at least three of those four units were naval units, theclassis fluminis Rhodani, theclassis barcariorum, and themilites musculariorum.[2]
The legal code itself is generally seen as having been made in the 7th century, although it has been argued for example by Springer that it may have been made as late as the early 8th century. It was probably made in the context of the establishment of an Austrasian sub-kingdom by the Merovingians in 623 or 633 AD, possibly as part of a reorganization of the border defence of this kingdom on the Rhine. The Ribuarian area was referred to in Latin using different terms,provincia,ducatus, andregnum and it included the areas around Cologne, Bonn, theEifel, Zülpich, Jülich, and Neuss. It has been argued that the legal code reveals a deliberate process of "ethnic engineering", aiming to create a Romano-Frankish mixed civilization.[3] According to Springer only the younger manuscripts of the Ribuarian Law Book refer to it asLex Ribuariorum, named after a people, instead ofLex Ribuaria, named after a country.[4]
Apart from the 7th-century legal code, the earliest narrative source definitely containing a form of the wordribuarius for the people of Cologne is theLiber Historiae Francorum, which was completed about 726/27 AD. The author uses the termterra Riboariense to describe the land (terra) around Cologne which were devastated in 612 AD by the Merovingian kingTheuderic II, who defeated his brotherTheudebert II at Zülpich and then pursued him to Cologne. After his victory there the author says that the king claimed that one of the "Ribuarians" (Riboariis) in Cologne shot at him. The word was therefore pronounced with a b-like sound at this time and used both as an adjective and a noun, referring to both the region of Cologne, and its inhabitants.[5]
Since the 1950s it has been widely accepted that the pluralRipuarii orRibuarii, referring to Franks from the Cologne region, did not originate as the name of any Germanic tribe who moved in the so-calledMigration period before the 7th century. Instead the name seems to have been connected to the region they moved to. A traditional explanation for the first part of the word comes from Latinrīpa meaning a seashore or riverbank, which is believed to refer in this case to the river Rhine, which runs past Cologne. This explanation remains popular although there is ongoing debate among scholars, both about whether the name is purely derived from Latin, and about whether the name was really intended to refer to the Rhine riverbank.[6]
Latin formations such asripa-rius,rip-arius, andrip-uarius would all be possible Latin-derived words describing a person of the riverbank, but purely Latin explanations of the word are generally avoided among scholars, because the second part of the name seems to be the same as the suffix found in several other Germanic tribal names such as theAmpsivarii,Chasuarii, andAngrivarii. This suffix-varii is normally believed to come not originally from Latin, but from aGermanic word meaning inhabitants.[6] A version of this suffix is for example found inOld English, in words likeRōmware, meaning inhabitants ofRome.
Another reason to doubt direct borrowing from Latin is that the earliest spelling of the word uses a b instead of the p, which would be expected in classical Latin. Furthermore, later spellings show that the word was being pronounced by Germanic speakers with a w-like sound. Springer argued that this is evidence that the word came fromGallo-Romance, the Latin-derived language from which modern French derives, where such changes from p to b were normal in this period. According to this account, Germanic speakers in the Cologne area pronounced the b as a w-likevoiced bilabial fricative, β. Frank, in contrast, notes that the move from p to b could also be explained as a typical sound change which happened among Germanic speakers in this time, but accepts that the word could have had a Gallo-Romance origin.[7]
Springer also questioned whether the word derived directly from the word from a river bank, noting that in various parts of the late Roman empire the wordriparius was used to refer to people with military or policing functions. Although the term is presumed to have derived originally from the word for a riverbank, because of the connection of these people to border regions, Springer and others note that well before the end of the Roman Empire it became a word for certain policing units, perhaps connected to toll collection, and the word was no longer always connected to rivers. Springer proposes therefore that the people of Cologne owed their special name to a unit of Roman border police who had been posted there before the Franks took over.
An example of the terms being used to refer to a larger area is known from the 9th century. TheAnnals of Xanten referred toKing Lothar II (855-869) as king of the Ripuarians, or of Ripuaria (rex Ripuariorum andrex Ripuariae). His short-lived kingdom was a new construction similar to Austrasia, is today normally known asLotharingia. Similarly, in the 11th century, when the term was becoming more unusual,Wipo of Burgundy called the Lower LotharingiansRibuarii and their dukedux Ribuariorum.[4]
The Frankish kingdom of Cologne lost its independence almost as soon as it entered the historical record, being subsumed in the Frankish core province ofAustrasia. Apart from Roman military lists and mention byJordanes inGetica of some unknown Ripuarii who fought as auxiliaries ofFlavius Aetius in theBattle of Chalons in 451,[8] the first mention of the Cologne kingdom comes fromGregory of Tours, inHistoria Francorum. He says that the Salian FrankClovis, first king of all the Franks and first king to convert to Christianity, subjected the previously Franks from the Cologne region.
Without naming the people as Ripuarian, but referring to Cologne and its vicinity,Gregory of Tours explains how they voluntarily gave up their sovereignty to Clovis. The region of Cologne was under the rule ofSigobert the Lame, an old campaigner who had fought side by side with Clovis in the wars against theAlamanni. He was called "the lame" because of a wound he had received at theBattle of Tolbiac, 496, the same year as Clovis' conversion to Catholicism. Clovis believed he had won by calling on the name of Christ and now had a mandate from God to Christianize allNeustria. This was a long process not free from resistance.
In 509 he sent a messenger toChloderic to state that if his father, Sigobert, were to die, he, Clovis, would ally himself to Chloderic. Whatever Clovis may have meant, as Sigobert was sleeping at noon in his tent in the forest across the Rhine from Cologne after a walk, Chloderic's hired assassins killed him. Chloderic sent to Clovis offering some of Sigobert's treasury as enticement. Clovis sent messengers refusing the treasure but asked to see it. Complying with their request to sink his arms into it so that they could see how deep it was, Chloderic was dispatched by the blow of an axe, unable to defend himself.
Arriving in person Clovis assembled the citizens of Cologne, denied the murders, saying "It is not for me to shed the blood of one of my fellow kings, for that is a crime …" He advised them to place themselves under his protection, after which he was shouted into office by a voice vote and raised up on their shields in a ceremony of installation.[9] Thus the independent kingdom of the Cologne Franks was voted out of existence by the people at a single assembly in 509.
There are no direct attestations of the early Frankish language. Of some 1,400 Latin inscriptions in RomanGermania Inferior a little over 100 are from the rural lands of the GermanicUbii, into whose lands the Ripuarii would move. The inscriptions are most frequent in the 3rd century. Most are from the major cities of Germania Inferior.[10] The right bank of the Rhine, where the Ripuarii originated, does not have such a wealth of Latin inscriptions. TheHigh German consonant shift occurred south of an east-west zone called theBenrath Line. The Rhine crosses it in the vicinity ofDüsseldorf. The section of the Rhine including Cologne forms the so-called "Rhenish Fan", where dialects are found which form intermediate stages betweenDutch andHigh German.[11]
In the first half of the 7th century the Ripuarians received the Ripuarian law (Lex Ripuaria), a law code applying only to them, from the dominating Salian Franks. The Salians, following the custom of the Romans before them, were mainly re-authorizing laws already in use by the Ripuarians, so that the latter could retain their local constitution.[12]
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