Richard Maurice Bucke (18 March 1837 – 19 February 1902) was aCanadianpsychiatrist in the late 19th century. An adventurer during his youth, Bucke later studiedmedicine. Eventually, as a psychiatrist, he headed the provincial Asylum for the Insane in London,Ontario. Bucke was a friend of several noted men of letters in Canada, the United States, and England.[1] Besides publishing professional articles, Bucke wrote three non-fiction books:Man's Moral Nature,Walt Whitman, andCosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind, which is his best-known work.
Richard Maurice Bucke was born in 1837 inMethwold,England, the son of Rev. Horatio Walpole Bucke (a parish curate) and his wife Clarissa Andrews. The parents and their children emigrated to Canada when he was a year old, settling nearLondon,Upper Canada.
Horatio W. Bucke had given up the profession of religious minister, and trusted his family's income to their Ontario farm. A sibling in a large family, Richard Maurice Bucke was a typical farm boy of that era. He was an athletic boy who enjoyed a good ball game. When he left home at the age of 16, he traveled toColumbus, Ohio and then toCalifornia. Along the way, Bucke worked at various odd jobs. He was part of a travelling party who had to fight for their lives when they were attacked by a group ofShoshone people, on whose territory they were trespassing.[2]
In the winter of 1857–58, he was nearly frozen to death in the mountains of California, where he wasthe sole survivor of a silver-mining party.[3] He had to walk out over the mountains and suffered extremefrostbite. As a result, a foot and several of his toes were amputated. He then returned to Canada via theIsthmus of Panama, probably in 1858.[4] Henry Mills Hurd says he returned to Canada in 1860.[5]
Bucke enrolled inMcGill University's medical school inMontreal, where he delivered a distinguished thesis in 1862. Although he practiced general medicine briefly as a ship's surgeon (in order to pay for his sea travel), he later specialized in psychiatry. He did his internship inLondon (1862–63) atUniversity College Hospital. During that time he visited France.
He was for several years an enthusiast ofAuguste Comte'spositivist philosophy.[2] Comte's belief that religion, if by that is meantspirituality, had been outmoded by science contrasts with Bucke's later belief concerning the nature of reality.
Bucke returned to Canada in 1864 and married Jessie Gurd in 1865; they had eight children. In January 1876, Bucke became the superintendent of the Asylum for the Insane inHamilton, Ontario. In 1877, he was appointed head of the provincial Asylum for the Insane inLondon, Ontario, a post he held for nearly the remainder of his life. In his work with asylum inmates, he was areformer who encouraged organized sports and what is now calledoccupational therapy.[2] Some of his surgical treatments proved deeply controversial. After adopting the Victorian-era theory that mental illness in women was often due to defective reproductive organs, Bucke began performing surgical removals of these organs from female patients. He continued this practice until his death, despite receiving increasing amounts of criticism from the medical health care community.[6]
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In 1872, after an evening of stimulating conversation with his friend Walt Whitman in the countryside, Richard M Bucke was traveling back to London in a buggy when he had areligious experience. He later described the characteristics and effects of the faculty of experiencing this type of consciousness as:[citation needed]
Bucke's personal experience of the inner state had yet another attribute, mentioned separately by the author: the vivid sense of the universe as a living presence, rather than as basically lifeless, inert matter.[7]
The supreme occurrence of that night was his real and sole initiation to the new and higher order of ideas. But it was only an initiation. He saw the light but had no more idea whence it came and what it meant than had the first creature that saw the light of the sun.[8]
Bucke did not immediately record the details and interpretation of his experience. This was not done until years later, and only after he had researched much of the world's literature onmysticism andenlightenment and had corresponded with many others about this subject.[citation needed]
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Bucke'smagnum opus was his bookCosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind. The book is a compilation of various theories rather than strictly a simple record of his original mystical experience.
Bucke borrowed the term "cosmic consciousness" fromEdward Carpenter, who had traveled and studied religion in theEast. Bucke's friend,[2] Carpenter, had derived the term "cosmic consciousness" from the Eastern term "universal consciousness." In his description of his personal experience, Bucke combined his recollection with thoughts of another of his friends, Caleb Pink ("C.P.")[9]—and others—and recorded his experience in a poetic style.
Cosmic Consciousness was a book which he researched and wrote over a period of many years. It was published in 1901 and has been reprinted several times since then. In it, Bucke describes his own experience, the experiences of contemporaries (most notablyWalt Whitman), and the experiences of historical figures, includingJesus,Saint Paul,Muhammad,Plotinus,Dante,Francis Bacon,William Blake,Buddha, andRamakrishna.
Bucke developed a theory that posited three stages in the development of consciousness:
Within self-consciousness, there exist gradations among individuals in their degrees of intellectual development and talent. (Bucke considered that no doubt there would be gradations within the level of cosmic consciousness, as well.)
Among the effects of humanity's natural evolutionary progression, Bucke believed he detected a long historical trend in which religious conceptions and theologies had become less and less frightening.
InCosmic Consciousness, beginning with Part II, Bucke explains how animals developed the senses of hearing and seeing. Further development culminated in the ability to experience and enjoy music. Bucke states that, initially, only a small number of humans were able to see colors and experience music. But eventually these new abilities spread throughout the human race until only a very small number of people were unable to experience colors and music.
In Part III, Bucke hypothesizes that the next stage of human development, which he calls "cosmic consciousness," is slowly beginning to appear and will eventually spread throughout all of humanity.
Bucke’s vision of the world was profoundly optimistic. He wrote in Part I (“First Words”) “that the universe is so built and ordered that without any peradventure all things work together for the good of each and all, that the foundation principle of the world is what we call love and that the happiness of every one is in the long run absolutely certain.”[8]
Bucke was deeply involved in the poetry scene in America and had friends among theliterati, especially those who were poets. In 1869, he readLeaves of Grass byWalt Whitman, an American poet, and was deeply impressed by it.[2] InCosmic Consciousness, he notes that his cosmic consciousness experience occurred following a night reading Whitman and Romantic poets.[10] Later, he met Whitman in 1877 inCamden, New Jersey, and the two developed a lasting friendship.
Bucke later testified that he was "lifted to and set upon a higher plane of existence" because of his friendship with Whitman. He published a biography of Whitman in 1883 and was one of Whitman'sliterary executors.[11]
In 1882, Bucke was elected to the English Literature Section of theRoyal Society of Canada.[2]
On 19 February 1902, Bucke slipped on a patch of ice in front of his home and struck his head. He died a few hours later without regaining consciousness.[5]
Bucke's concept of cosmic consciousness took on a life of its own (though not always well understood) and influenced the thought and writings of many other people. His work is directly referenced by the mysticsFranklin Merrell-Wolff[12] andOuspensky,[13] and it was essential toAldous Huxley's concept of theperennial philosophy[14] andEvelyn Underhill's concept ofmysticism.[15] In India,Aurobindo uses the termcosmic consciousness extensively in his work[16] andRamana Maharshi was asked about Bucke's concept.[17]Erich Fromm says, inPsychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism, "What Bucke describes as cosmic consciousness is, in my opinion, precisely the experience which is calledsatori inZen Buddhism" and that "Bucke's book is perhaps the book most germane to the topic of this article."[18]
Along withWilliam James's classic workThe Varieties of Religious Experience (which cites Bucke[19]), Bucke'sCosmic Consciousness has become part of the foundation oftranspersonal psychology.[citation needed]
Bucke was part of a movement that sought to improve the care and treatment ofmentally ill persons.[citation needed]
He was one of the founders of the Medical School of theUniversity of Western Ontario.[citation needed] His papers are held at Western University's Archives and Research Collections Centre.
He was portrayed byColm Feore in the 1990 Canadian filmBeautiful Dreamers.[citation needed]
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