Richard Lee Morton | |
|---|---|
 Morton in 1927 | |
| Born | Richard Lee Morton (1889-09-20)September 20, 1889 |
| Died | September 8, 1974(1974-09-08) (aged 84) |
| Burial place | Cedar Grove Cemetery, Williamsburg, Virginia, US |
| Spouse | Estelle (Dinwiddie) Morton |
| Academic background | |
| Education | |
| Thesis | The Negro in Virginia Politics, 1865–1902 (1919) |
| Academic work | |
| Discipline | History |
| Institutions | College of William & Mary |
| Main interests | Virginia |
| Notable works |
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Richard Lee Morton (September 20, 1889 – September 8, 1974) was an American historian, professor, author, and editor who led the history department at theCollege of William & Mary inWilliamsburg, Virginia, United States. While a professor at William & Mary for nearly 40 years, Morton helped relaunch theWilliam and Mary Quarterly in its third series and served as its editor. Morton was considered a leader among the college's staff and led the faculty's response to the1951 William & Mary scandal. Morton authored and co-authored several histories onVirginia, including his 1960Colonial Virginia, a two-volume text that became the standard work on the subject.
After his 1959 retirement from William & Mary, the college named an academic hall for him. Morton Hall was renamed in 2021 due to racist andwhite supremacist ideas in some of Morton's works, including hisdoctoral thesis,The Negro in Virginia Politics. TheWilliam and Mary Quarterly began awarding a prize named for Morton in 1986; the prize has since been renamed.
Morton was born inPrince Edward County, Virginia, on September 20, 1889 to John Robert Morton and Mildred Henry Morton (née Watkins).[1] From theFalkland area of the county,[2] Morton listed his birthplace asMeherrin on his 1918draft registration card.[3] Morton was first educated in a log schoolhouse.[2] He attended undergraduate atHampden–Sydney College inHampden Sydney, Virginia, graduating with aBachelor of Arts degree in 1910.[4] He then received aMaster of Arts degree from theUniversity of Virginia inCharlottesville, Virginia, in 1915. He received another Master of Arts degree fromHarvard University in 1917. Morton completed hisPhD at the University of Virginia in 1918.[5]
In 1917 and 1918, Morton was the Phelps Stokes Fellow at the University of Virginia. The fellowship was sponsored by thePhelps Stokes Fund to encourage interest in African-American history from white southern scholars in hopes of improving cooperation between races.[6] Morton was drafted into theUS Army duringWorld War I, serving in 1918.[7]
Morton would later later say that, while a student at the University of Virginia, he had told a professor that the "[College of] William & Mary is going to grow. That man, [college presidentJ. A. C.] Chandler, is a promoter. He'll build that place."[8] In 1919, Morton became an associate professor of history and political science at the College of William & Mary inWilliamsburg, Virginia, where he would teach for 40 years. He was made professor of history and the chairman of the college's history department in 1921.[9]
On January 14, 1922, the college formally opened theMarshall–Wythe School of Law. Led by the lawyer and later Virginia governorJohn Garland Pollard, Morton was one of several professors from the college to begin teaching at the new law school. In practice, the law school did produce law degrees but comprised little more than professors who had a new title but remained within their original departments at the college. After Pollard left the school in 1929, it gradually faded into obscurity over the 1930s.[10]
In the years preceding the1951 William & Mary scandal, theWilliam & Mary Indians football program had an era where the college had a run of winning seasons in what was referred to as "big-time" football under the successive head coachesCarl M. Voyles andRube McCray. TheWilliam & Mary Indians men's basketball team, under head coachBarney Wilson, had also enjoyed success in the prior seasons. In 1951, it became public knowledge that the coaching staff and college athletic department had falsified grades and pressured professors into giving students on the football team better scores. As the misconduct was revealed, the college faculty met on July 3, 1951, and chose Morton as the chairman of a faculty board to investigate the misconduct by McCray and Wilson.[11]
On September 17, 1951, the William & Mary faculty voted unanimously to support a document criticizing the administration of thecollege's athletic program. The document described the athletic program as a malignant presence at the college in the wake of the scandal. Morton signed the original document, which was published in theThe Flat Hat on September 20 and became known as the "Manifesto" on campus.[12] In response to the scandal, McCray, Wilson, and president Pomfret resigned.Alvin Duke Chandler, avice admiral in theUS Navy and son of J. A. C. Chandler, was selected to become William & Mary's next president.[13]
Morton's first article, "The Virginia State Debt and Internal Improvements, 1820–38", was published in theJournal of Political Economy in 1917.[5] Morton'sdoctoral thesis, published in 1919 by theUniversity Press of Virginia as part of its Phelps–Stokes Fellowship Papers series, wasThe Negro in Virginia Politics, 1865–1902.[5] Morton's monograph considered African-American political involvement after theAmerican Civil War to be a failure.[6] According to Morton's thesis and other works by white historians of that period, African Americans had been conditioned by slavery such that they could not avoid voting against their interests.[14] A 1920 negative review inThe Journal of Negro History said "the whole study is from the white man's point of view" and that Morton believed racial harmony had been achieved in Virginia through the exclusion of African Americans from politics.[6] Morton's thesis was later reprinted.[2]
For his work on social and economic history in Virginia since 1850, Morton received an award from theSocial Science Research Council in 1931.[15] TheInstitute of Early American History and Culture was created in December 1943,[16] Its establishment part of the then-William & Mary president Pomfret's push for increased research activity by the college. As an independent organization, it was jointly sponsored by the college andColonial Williamsburg. One of the roles the institute would take on was publication of theWilliam and Mary Quarterly. The quarterly, which had been edited by the college's librarianEarl Gregg Swem, had previously focused on Virginian history andgenealogy.[17] In January 1944, with Morton as its new head editor, it began publishing its third series with a broadened scope that included the history from 1492 to 1815 in the area that became the US.[18] Morton remained the journal's editor until 1947.[19]
On December 20, 1919, Morton married Lillie Estelle Dinwiddie.[20] Known as Estelle, Morton's wife would assist in his historical writings.[2] The couple had two children, daughters Mary Louise Morton (born 1921) and Nancy Dinwiddie Morton (born 1926). The couple wereEpiscopalian, and he served as a junior warden atBruton Parish Church in Williamsburg.[21]
Morton lived inChandler Court neighborhood of Williamsburg, a suburban development conceived byJohn Garland Pollard which housed many William & Mary faculty adjacent to the campus. Morton had his home built in 1923 across the common green on Chandler Court from Swem. Morton also had a house built in the neighborhood in 1931 to serve as rental property.[22]
Swem and Morton were neighbors for about 30 years. Swem, who was from Iowa but had adopted conservative values of theOld South, had been a founding editor of the second series of theWilliam and Mary Quarterly. Morton had rarely left Virginia since his birth but had liberal political and social values. Swem said that he and Morton lived amicably near one another and did not discuss their political differences. Morton and his wife would give Swem and his wife rides to vote, with Morton commenting that their votes would cancel each other out.[23]
Morton died inWilliamsburg Community Hospital in Williamsburg on September 8, 1974, after a period of declining health. At the time of his death, his wife was being treated as a patient in the same hospital. Two sisters and a brother, all residents of Virginia, survived Morton, as did his daughters. His funeral was held in the Williamsburg Presbyterian Church.[2]
A new academic hall onWilliam & Mary's campus was dedicated in honor of Morton. When it opened, Morton Hall housed the Marshall-Wythe Institute, the John Marshall Papers, and the departments of economics, government, history, and sociology. In 2021, the building was one of several that was considered by a self-study performed by the college regarding the role of slavery and racism on the campus. Morton's published works, such asThe Negro in Virginia Politics, 1865–1902, contained racist and white supremacist ideas. For this reason, the building was renamed forJohn Boswell, an alumnus of the college who taught atYale University, with a rededication in August 2021.[24]
The Art Commission of the Commonwealth of Virginia commissioned the artist David Silvette to paint a portrait of Morton for display in Morton Hall. When Silvette presented the portrait to the commission in 1972, the commission conditioned their acceptance of the painting on Silvette modifying it. A series of court cases followed, with Silvette arguing that the commission's requirement that he modify the painting was a violation of Silvette'sFirst Amendment right to free expression. TheVirginia Supreme Court and federalDistrict Court for the Eastern District of Virginia both rejected Silvette's argument. The painting of Morton was placed on display in Morton Hall without modification.[25]
The Richard L. Morton Award, a prize awarded by theWilliam and Mary Quarterly to an article with an author who was in graduate research when they made the article's final submission to the journal, was established in 1986. It has since been renamed as theWMQ New Voices Prize.[26]
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