Ricardians are people who dispute the negative posthumousreputation of KingRichard III of England (reigned 1483–1485). Richard III has long been portrayed unfavourably, most notably inShakespeare'splayRichard III, in which he is portrayed as murdering his 12-year-old nephewEdward V to secure the English throne for himself. Ricardians believe these portrayals are false and politically motivated byTudor propaganda.[1]
Ricardians accept as facts: that first the young kingEdward V was placed under the protection of his uncle Richard III; that Richard III himself was then crowned as the new king instead of young Edward V; and finally that the young king disappeared at some point over the coming years, never to be seen again. However, they dispute the initial common assumption by many, that Richard III was personally responsible for the disappearance (or perhaps murder) of Edward V.[2][3]
Richard III's reign lasted for only two years, and his short reign came to a violent end on 22 August 1485 at theBattle of Bosworth; the last battle of theWar of the Roses. In the aftermath of the battle, Richard III's body was not given a proper state funeral, and the location of his remains was soon forgotten; there was even a belief, now proved false, that they had been thrown into theRiver Soar inLeicester following theDissolution of the Monasteries. Ricardians assert that many of the original assumptions about Richard III's motives and likely responsibility relating to these events were not supported by the facts of the day, that these assumptions were most probably instead the result of the political claims of his successors, and that they were most probably mistaken assumptions.
The two most notable societies of Ricardians are theRichard III Society, and the Richard III Foundation, Inc. A third much smaller Ricardian organisation, composed of "collateral descendants" of Richard III, was thePlantagenet Alliance. In 2012, the Richard III Society was instrumental in leading an archaeological effort to positively locate and identify the long-lost remains of Richard III, which resulted in the discovery and retrieval of the remains from beneath a Leicester car park.[4] Subsequently, much popular historical interest was generated in this historical period. Such historical interest resulted in the review and publication of many articles and documents regarding Richard's reign, which have contributed to the scholarship of latter 15th-centuryEngland. After their discovery, Richard III's remains were first scientifically evaluated, then formally re-interred within the interior ofLeicester Cathedral on 26 March 2015. Their re-interment occurred amidst days of solemn ceremonies and pageantry.[5]
Ricardianhistoriography includes works byHorace Walpole and by SirGeorge Buck, who was the king's first defender, after the Tudor period.
Ricardian fiction includesJosephine Tey'sThe Daughter of Time andSharon Kay Penman'sThe Sunne in Splendour.Elizabeth George writes of the fictional discovery of an exonerating document in her short story "I Richard".Science fiction writerAndre Norton, in the 1965 novelQuest Crosstime, depicted analternate history in which Richard III won at Bosworth and turned out to be one of England's greatest kings, "achieving the brilliance of theElizabethan era two generations earlier".
Other notable Ricardians include:
The Richard III Society was founded in 1924 byLiverpool surgeon Samuel Saxon Barton (1892-1957) as The Fellowship of the White Boar, Richard'sbadge and a symbol of the Yorkist army in theWars of the Roses. Its membership was originally a small group of interested amateur historians whose aim was to bring about a re-assessment of the reputation of Richard III.
The society became moribund during theSecond World War.[citation needed] In 1951,Josephine Tey published her detective novelThe Daughter of Time, in which Richard's guilt is examined and doubted. In 1955,Laurence Olivier released his film of Shakespeare'sRichard III, which at the beginning admitted that the play was based on legend, and a sympathetic, detailed biography of Richard was published byPaul Murray Kendall, all of which went some way towards re-invigorating the society.[citation needed]
The Fellowship of the White Boar was renamed The Richard III Society in 1959.
In 2012, the society, working in partnership with theUniversity of Leicester andLeicester City Council,exhumed a skeleton at the site of the formerGreyfriars Church that was later confirmed to be that of the King.[9]
Philippa Langley, the secretary of the Scottish Branch of the Richard III Society, inaugurated the quest for King Richard's lost grave as part of her ongoing research into the controversial monarch. Her project marked the first-ever search for the grave of an anointed King of England. For their role in the exhumation, Langley andJohn Ashdown-Hill were awarded theMBEs in recognition of their services to "the Exhumation and Identification of Richard III" (London Gazette) in the2015 Queen's Birthday Honours.
The Foundation is a US educational organization. The aims of the Foundation are to study, share and stimulate interest in the life and times of King Richard III and the Wars of the Roses.
Its website states, "The Foundation seeks to challenge the popular view of King Richard III by demonstrating through rigorous scholarship that the facts of Richard’s life and reign are in stark contrast to the Shakespearian caricature."[10]
Their aim is to identify and translate documents and texts that shed new insight into this important period of history.[10]
The Plantagenet Alliance was a grouping of 15 individuals who claimed to be "collateral [non-direct] descendants" of Richard III,[11] and have been described as a "Ricardian fan club".[12] The group, formed for the purpose, unsuccessfully campaigned during 2013 and 2014 to have Richard re-interred atYork Minster rather thanLeicester Cathedral, believing that that was his wish.[11][13] During the campaign, the group failed to attract enough support to petition parliament.[14]
