From top, left to right: View to Rhodes and the palace, statue of Diagoras of Rhodes carried by his sons, St. Catherine gate, Eleftherios Venizelos Street with theKonstantinos Karamanlis statue, view to the mosque of Suleiman, Rhodian Deer statues in the city's port, aerial view of the Palace of the Grand Master.
The island ofRhodes is at a crossroads betweenEurope, theMiddle East, andAfrica. This has given the city and the island many different identities, cultures, architectures, and languages over its long history. Its position in major sea routes has given Rhodes a very rich history. The island has been inhabited since about 4000 BC (Neolithic Period).[4]
The first modern histories of the city and island in English were written byCecil Torr in 1885 and 1887.[5]
Apollo Temple at theAcropolis of Rhodes.Depiction of Rhodus (Rhodes Town) and its distinctive three-layered defensive walls. Site of the 30 metre high Colossus of Rhodes, which was destroyed in an earthquake in 226 BC.
The city of Rhodes was formed by the cities ofIalyssos,Kamiros andLindos in 408 BC,[4] and prospered for three centuries during itsGolden Age, when sea trade, skilledshipbuilders, and open-minded politicians of the city kept it prosperous until Roman times. TheColossus of Rhodes, one of the originalSeven Wonders of the Ancient World was built byChares of Lindos between 304 and 293 BC,[4] which took 12 years and was completed in 282 BC. The statue represented their sun godHelios, and is believed to have stood near the harbour entrance. The ancient city had a well-constructedsewage system as well as a water supply network as designed byHippodamus. Astrong earthquake hit Rhodes about 226 BC, badly damaging the city and toppling the Colossus.[4]
In 164 BC, Rhodes came underRoman control.[6] It was able to keep its beauty and develop into a leading center of learning for arts and science. The Romans took from the Rhodians theirmaritime law and applied it to their shipping. Many traces of the Roman period still exist throughout the city and give an insight into the level of civilization at the time.[6] According toActs 21:1, theApostle Paul stopped at Rhodes near the end of his third missionary journey.
In medieval times, Rhodes was an important Byzantine trading post, as also a crossroads for ships sailing between Constantinople and Alexandria. In the early years of the divided Roman Empire, theIsaurians, amountain tribe fromCilicia, invaded the island and burned the city. In the 7th century AD it was captured by the Arabs. The latter were the ones who removed the scattered pieces of the Colossus from the port and moved them to Syria where they destroyed them to make coins. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire to theFourth Crusade in 1204, the native nobleLeo Gabalas took control of the island, but after his death and succession by his brotherJohn, the island wasbriefly occupied by theGenoese before being returned to theEmperor of Nicaea, though ushering in a new, but short-lived, Byzantine period.
TheKnights Hospitallers captured and established their headquarters on Rhodes when they leftCyprus[7][8] after the persecution of theKnights Templar in 1307.Pope Clement V confirmed the Hospitallers possession of the island in 1309. The Knights remained on the island for the next two centuries.
In 1444, theMamluk fleet led by Aynal Gecut laidsiege to Rhodes, but the Knights, aided by the Burgundian naval commanderGeoffroy de Thoisy, beat off the Muslim attack.
After theFall of Constantinople in 1453, theOttoman Empire began a rapid expansion, and in 1480 Sultan Fatih sent an invasion force to Rhodes commanded byMesih Pasha. In this first OttomanSiege of Rhodes, the defenders repelled Turkish attacks from both landward and seaward sides and the invaders left the island in defeat. The defeat halted a concurrent invasion of the Italian peninsula by Ottoman forces and prevented possible Muslim incursion and control of Western Europe.
Rhodes city, around 1490.
After the Ottoman defeat in 1480, the Knights Grand Master,Pierre d'Aubusson, oversaw the strengthening of the cities over the next few decades. By the time of his death in 1521, Rhodes possessed among thestrongest fortifications of any Christian bastion in the world, including underground passages to the moat that could have quickly been blown up in case of withdrawal.[9] The Knights continued naval attacks launched from Rhodes on Muslim merchants until 1522, when the newly enthroned SultanSuleiman the Magnificent led a second OttomanSiege of Rhodes in 1522.
The vastly outnumbered Knights made a spirited defense of the city and inflicted heavy casualties upon the Ottomanbesiegers. In December 1522, the Knights and Suleiman came to terms and the Knights were allowed to leave the city with all the wealth they could carry, and in return there would be no retribution upon the inhabitants of the city and they would be allowed to continue to freely practice Christianity. On January 1, 1523 the Knights departed from the island, leaving it to Ottoman control.
In the Ottoman era, new buildings were constructed: mosques, public baths and mansions for the new patrons. The Greeks were forced to abandon the fortified city and move to new suburbs outside its walls. The city maintained its main economic function as a market for the agricultural products of the interior of the island and the surrounding small islands.
After the establishment of their sovereignty on the island, the Ottoman Turks converted most of the churches into mosques and transformed the major houses into private mansions or public buildings. This transformation was a long-term process that aimed to adapt the buildings to the Ottoman way of living. The Knights period façades with their sculptured decorations, the arched gates and hewn stone walls were enriched with the random character of the Ottoman architecture adapted to the local climate and culture. Ιn this process most of the architectural features of the existing buildings were preserved. The most characteristic additions were the baths (usually in the back of the buildings) and the enclosed wooden balconies on the façades over the narrow streets. In this way most of the buildings of the Hospitaliers' period in the Medieval Town were well preserved. The result was a mixture of oriental architecture with imposing western architectural remains and more recent buildings, which were characteristic of the local architecture of the time.
Ιn the 19th century, the city was the capital of theEyalet of the Archipelago, but the decline of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the general neglect of the town and its buildings, which further deteriorated due to the strong earthquakes that often plague the area.
In 1856, a gunpowder magazine under the old Church of Saint John – possibly stored there since the siege of 1522[10][11] – was struck by lightning, causing a massive explosion that killed many people, destroyed the church, and destroyed much of theGrand Master's Palace.[10][12][13][11]
Evangelismos church at the port (former San Giovanni), by Florestano Di Fausto.View of the Market (Nea Agora) of Mandraki, built during the Italian period byFlorestano Di Fausto.Palazzo del Governo, another work of Di Fausto, now the Prefecture of the Dodecanese.
In 1912 Italian troops took the island over with the rest of theDodecanese Islands, and established anItalian possession known asItalian Islands of the Aegean in 1923.[14]The architectFlorestano Di Fausto can be considered the father of Italian Rhodes. He, in agreement with governorMario Lago, was author of the city plan of 1923, choosing to respect almost totally the walled town, only demolishing the houses that were built on and around the city walls during theOttoman era. He also turned theJewish and Ottoman cemeteries into agreen zone surrounding the Medieval Town.[14] At the same time, he designed the new Italian Rhodes in the zone of the Mandraki, planning a Garden City, and building along the main sea promenade the main edifices, as the Market, the Cathedral of Saint John of the Knights, the Palace of the governor. All these building were designed in an eclectic style, mixing Ottoman, Venetian, Renaissance and local elements. The Italians preserved what was left from the Knights' period, and destroyed all Ottoman buildings. They also reconstructed the Grand Master's Palace.[14] Furthermore, an Institute for the study of the History and Culture of the region was established, and major infrastructure work was done to modernize Rhodes.[14]
DuringWorld War II,Allied bombing raids which targeted the old city of Rhodes in 1944 destroyed a significant portion of the city.[15] One of the first decrees of the Greek government designated those areas as reserved for future excavations and a number of edifices as safeguarded buildings. In July 1944, the Nazi authorities ordered the deportation of over 1,700 Jews of Rhodes including men, women, and children, of whom 1,200 were murdered at Auschwitz.[16]
In 1957, a new city plan was approved by a decree and in 1960 the entire medieval town was designated as a protected monument by the Ministry of Culture. In 1961 and 1963 new decrees were issued concerning the new city plan. They provided for the widening of existing streets and the opening of new ones. However, these were not implemented in the old city due to the resistance of the Archaeological Service. In 1988, the old town of Rhodes was designated as a World Heritage City by UNESCO.
Rhodes City is the capital of the island of Rhodes which since 2011 became a single municipality and of theRhodes regional unit. It was the capital of the formerDodecanese Prefecture and currently hosts many offices and services of theSouth Aegean region.
As an administration centre, the city also hosts numerous offices and services such as:
Medieval walls, created in the mid-14th century on a previous line and remade after the Ottoman siege of 1480 and the earthquake of the following year. In 1522 Suleiman entered the city from the gate of St. Anastasius
Gothic buildings in the historical upper town.
Recently, the Byzantine harbor was excavated, discovering unique medieval shipwrecks.
The city of Rhodes is situated in the north-east tip of the island and forms a triangle from north to south. The municipal unit has an area of 19.481 km2.[18] It is the smallest municipal unit of the island in terms of land area and the largest in population. It borders the Aegean Sea to the north, the east and the west and with the municipalities ofIalysos andKallithea in the south.
InKöppen climate classification, it is classified ashot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). According to the data of the meteorological station of the Municipal Port Fund of South Dodecanese, which is located in the Port of Rhodes, the city registers an average annual temperature of 20.9°C. The city of Rhodes falls in 11ahardiness zone.[19][20]
The city has an official permanent population of 49,541 in 2011 census but its estimated that some 65–70.000 reside permanently within city limits. During summer population reaches 100.000 due to some 25–30.000 hotel beds operating within city limits as well numerous seasonal workers that migrate from rest of Greece due to high unemployment mostly in peninsular parts of the country.
Higher Education: Some departments of theAegean University, Higher and Lower Tourism Schools and some private institutes
The last years two private schools were also established and offer classes from primary to lyceum education with one located within city limits, Rodion Paideia.TheMusic School of Rhodes is located just outside Rhodes, inKoskinou village.
Rhodes state general hospital is located in the southwestern district of Agioi Apostoloi. Erected less than 20 years ago, it is a modern facility with many departments as well the base for EKAV ambulances serving the city and island's northern part. Hospital is also equipped with a helicopter landing zone being able to accept urgent cases via airlifts from the rest Dodecanese islands.
A private hospital, Euromedica, also operates just off city limits, inKoskinou western edge. Numerous private medical facilities also operate within city while many private doctors keep their clinics in and around city centre.
Both the city and the island of Rhodes are served byDiagoras International Airport, situated 14 km (9 mi) south west of the city. It is connected to all other major Greek airports and to Cyprus throughout the year. During tourism season, international flights connect the island with numerous European cities and with Israel, Egypt and Lebanon.
The city hosts 3 major ports that each serve a different purpose. Kolona serves intra-Dodecanese traffic, Central serves cruise ships and international traffic and Akandia domestic as well cargo traffic.
Ferries connect daily the island with several nearby islands within the Dodecanese Islands, as well as with the Cycladic Islands and the Greek mainland (Pireaus) while twice weekly a ferry goes toHeraklion, Crete. There are also frequently routes to opposing Turkish coast towns such asMarmaris andFethiye. Rhodes is also a popular port of call for cruise itineraries, especially in the summer months.
City also hosts two marinas, a municipal one in downtown Mandraki and a private one next to Akandia port.
The city's public transit system is served by municipal bus company RODA (blue and/or white buses) and consists of a bus network which connects city centre to districts but also connects the city to outlying resorts and towns (Faliraki in the east and Ixia, Ialysos, Tholos in the west) as well Rhodes International Airport. The city centre is also the point of departure for KTEL buses (orange buses) that serve island's east coast suburban routes. There is a proposal for KTEL buses to relocate in available space next to Akandia port but its still unknown if and when this will happen.
Taxis are widely available in the city and usually can be found in designated taxi ranks or via phone call. It is normal during high season rush hours to queue in ranks due to increased demand.
Plans for a 16 km tram network consisting of 2 lines and 13 stations were presented years ago but since then nothing further emerged probably due to lack of funds.
City's road network is mostly old consisting mainly of narrow and one way streets and major arteries can't really cope with increased traffic making congestion unavoidable especially rush hours. Parking especially around city centre and during market hours as well summer season is extremely difficult due to lack of free spaces although it is monitored by the municipality imposing a fee. The municipality is currently redeveloping certain free areas near the centre to parking lots which are expected to lower traffic burden. A ring road also exists but it is unfinished connecting currently Rhodes Port toRhodes-Kallithea Avenue. City is also the starting point of 3 of island's 5 main avenues connecting it with Faliraki throughRhodes-Kallithea Avenue, Lindos throughRhodes-Lindos Avenue and west coast (Ialysos, Airport, Tholos, Kamiros) throughRhodes-Kamiros Avenue.
Most major nationwide television stations broadcast in the city. There are also five local television stations and a number of local and national radio stations.
The city after a long dark period of almost 15 years is reviving in many team sports. Football and basketball are the most popular but a wide variety is also in development during the last years with the most noticeable in rugby.
The city has two major football teams;Diagoras GS andAS Rodos after a long period are back in national level and competed in Greek National Second Division (Football League) during 2017–18 season with the latter being relegated to local league. Rest of the city-based teams compete in the local Amateur Divisions and include teams that once competed in national level such as ARS Rodiakos and DANS Dorieas.
For the last 15 years, basketball has been represented at national level byKolossos Rodou BC, which has competed in NationalA1 Ethniki since 2007. Other teams, either active or defunct, areAS Diagoras Rhodes with notable presence some years ago in national lower-level leagues C and B, Rodion Athlisis, Galazia Akadimia and now defunct ASK Ibiskos, DANS Dorieas and AS Rodos. City also hostsAS Dodekanisos, the pride of the Aegean that competes and stars in the national basketball league for handicapped people.
Rodion Athlisis competes successfully during the last years inA2 Ethniki Volleyball and lost promotion to top tierA1 Ethniki Volleyball for 2 consecutive seasons (2017 and 2018) in playoff games. Rest of city based teams compete in local level.
A variety of other sports is also available and in development in the city. In rugby the recently formedColossoi of Rhodes reached the top league finals for the second time in a row. TheNautical Club of Rhodes andYgros Stivos of Rhodes have water polo teams in low level national divisions; theRhodian Tennis Club play tennis and ping-pong in its privately owned facilities;AS Diagoras Rhodes have competitive teams in cycling and in track and field athletics. Finally, jiu jitsu, karate, tae-kwon-do and other Eastern oriented sports are available with local teams that enjoy sporadic national success.
The city has three major sports venues; theRhodes Municipal Stadium and theKallipateira National Athletic Center serve all outdoor activities while theMunicipal Indoor Hall of "Venetokleio" serves indoor sports. Agioi Apostoloi municipal stadium serves solely football while privately owned indoor sports arenas are held by Diagoras and Rodion Athlisis clubs with the latter owning and operating also a 25-m indoor swimming pool as well.
^"Medieval City of Rhodes".UNESCO World Heritage Convention. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved23 October 2022.
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