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Rheum rhabarbarum

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Species of plant

Rheum rhabarbarum
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Order:Caryophyllales
Family:Polygonaceae
Genus:Rheum
Species:
R. rhabarbarum
Binomial name
Rheum rhabarbarum
Synonyms
  • Rheum franzenbachiiMünter[1][2]
  • Rheum franzenbachiivar. mongoliumMünter[2]
  • Rheum macropterumMart.[1]
  • Rheum muricatumBlanco[1]
  • Rheum sanguineumMeisn.[1]
  • Rheum undulatumL.[1]
  • Rheum undulatumvar. longifoliumC. Y. Cheng & T. C. Kao[2]

Rheum rhabarbarum is aspecies offlowering plant in the familyPolygonaceae, native to a region stretching from southernSiberia to north and central China.[1] It has been harvested from the wild for centuries for its root, which was harvested for use as a popular medicine in Europe and Asia. It was later cultivated for its root in England and Russia. It is considered to be one of the species involved in the development of culinaryrhubarb, for which the scientific nameR. rhabarbarum is sometimes (erroneously) used.

Taxonomy

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Rheum rhabarbarum was first described byCarl Linnaeus in 1753.[3] Linnaeus also describedR. undulatum, but this is now considered to be the same species.[1]

The namerha barbarum,Latin for 'foreign rha', was first used in the writings ofCelsus, who uses the word to describe a valued medicinal root imported from the east.[4]

Description

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Similar species

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According to the 2003 key in theFlora of China, this species is distinguished from other entire-leavedrhubarbs in China with leaves having a wavy or crisped margin;R. wittrockii,R. webbianum,R. australe andR. hotaoense, by having less than 1 cm-sized fruit, yellow-white to greenish-white flowers, and the surface of the rachis ofpanicle covered inpapilla. In many characters it is most similar toR. webbianum, and somewhat less soR. hotaoense.[5]

Karyotypy

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There have been at least two studies investigating thekaryotypy of this species, both studies focussing on the synonymR. undulatum. Both 2n=22 and 2n=44 have been found. It is possible that this karyotypic diversity indicates the existence of one or morecryptic species, because thepolyploid forms would essentially be reproductively isolated.[6]

Distribution

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It is native to an area of southeasternSiberia in theDaurian region around and stretching east fromLake Baikal inRussia, and in northernMongolia.[7][8] In China, it occurs in the northern provinces ofHebei,[2][9]Heilongjiang,[2][9]Henan,[9]Hubei,[2][9]Jilin,[2][9]Inner Mongolia,[2][9]Shanxi[2][9] andShaanxi.[9]

Rheum rhabarbarum growing in theBergianska trädgården inStockholm, Sweden

Habitat & ecology

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In China, it is known as a species growing on mountain slopes at 1,000–1,600 m elevation.[2] In Russia it occurs in sandy ground along field edges, on the steppes, and in the regionally uncommon copses of woodland.[7]

In China, it flowers in June, and has fruit after July.[2]

Most documented insect relationships with this species are muddied by the misapplication of the nameR. rhabarbarum to plants ofR. ×hybridum. As such, most of the insects which are said to use this species as a food plant are generalists from Europe or North America which did not actually eat this species nor are native to the region where this species occurs. An exception is the butterflyLycaena violacea, whose caterpillars are only known to feed onR. rhabarbarum and whose range is concurrent with that of its host plant (mostLycaena spp. are specialised onPolygonaceae).Cosmia trapezina var.exigua is roughly native to some of the same areas, and its European variety has been found to have eaten rhubarb in Finland (it usually feeds on various tree species). Other species found to eat (garden) rhubarb which occur in the native range of this plant areArctia caja,Hydraecia micacea,Spilarctia luteum andXestia baja.[10]

Fruit

Cultivation

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Rheum rhabarbarum (syn.R. undulatum) was one of a number of distinct species grown in Europe before the beginning of the 18th century. Initially the roots of a related species, possiblyR. rhaponticum, were used for medicinal purposes. A putative hybrid of unknown origin,Rheum ×hybridum, was also grown. The three taxa were grown as vegetable crops in England and Scandinavia by the early 18th century. They readily hybridize, and culinaryrhubarb was developed by selecting open-pollinated seed, so that its precise origin is almost impossible to determine.[11] In appearance, culinary rhubarb varies continuously betweenR. rhabarbarum andR. rhaponticum. Modern rhubarb cultivars aretetraploids with 2n = 44, in contrast to 2n=22 for the wild species such asR. rhaponticum.[12]

References

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  1. ^abcdefgh"Rheum rhabarbarum L.",Plants of the World Online,Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved2019-03-10
  2. ^abcdefghijkBojian (包伯坚), Bao; Grabovskaya-Borodina, Alisa E. (2003)."Rheum rhabarbarum". In Zhengyi (吴征镒), Wu;Raven, Peter H.; Deyuan (洪德元), Hong (eds.).Flora of China, Vol. 5. Beijing: Science Press. p. 343.
  3. ^"Plant Name Details forRheum rhabarbarum L.",The International Plant Names Index, retrieved2019-03-10
  4. ^Alam, Shamshad; Khan, Naeem A. (2015)."Rhubarb (Rewand), A Review"(PDF).Hamdard Medicus.58 (1):84–96. Retrieved13 March 2019.
  5. ^Bojian (包伯坚), Bao; Grabovskaya-Borodina, Alisa E. (2003)."Rheum". In Zhengyi (吴征镒), Wu;Raven, Peter H.; Deyuan (洪德元), Hong (eds.).Flora of China, Vol. 5. Beijing: Science Press. p. 341.
  6. ^Ruirui, Liu; Wang, Ailan; Tian, Xinmin; Wang, Dongshi; Liu, Jianquan (2010)."Uniformity of karyotypes in Rheum (Polygonaceae), a species-rich genus in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions".Caryologia Firenze.63 (1):82–90.doi:10.1080/00087114.2010.10589711.S2CID 86616077. Retrieved24 March 2019.
  7. ^abСмекалова, Т.Н.; Ушакова, Р.С. (19 October 2004)."AgroAtlas - Дикие родичи культурных растений - Ареал Rheum rhabarbarum L. (Ревень волнистый)".AgroAtlas, Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries (in Russian). Retrieved16 March 2019.
  8. ^Smekalova, T.N."AgroAtlas - Relatives - Rheum rhabarbarum L. - Wavy Rhubarb".AgroAtlas, Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Retrieved15 March 2019.
  9. ^abcdefgh"Species Catalogue of China, Plants".中国 生物物种名录 植物卷 (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 2017. Retrieved15 March 2019.
  10. ^Savela, Markku (27 September 1998)."Rheum".Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Markku Savela. Retrieved16 March 2019.
  11. ^Tanhuanpää, Pirjo; Suojala-Ahlfors, Terhi & Hartikainen, Merja (2019), "Genetic diversity of Finnish home garden rhubarbs (Rheum spp.) assessed by simple sequence repeat markers",Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution,66 (1):17–25,doi:10.1007/s10722-018-0692-8,S2CID 52821042
  12. ^Libert, Bo & Englund, Roger (1989). "Present Distribution and Ecology ofRheum rhaponticum (Polygonaceae)".Willdenowia.19 (1):91–98.JSTOR 3996925.
Rheum undulatum
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