Arhapsody inmusic is a one-movement work that is episodic yet integrated, free-flowing in structure, featuring a range of highly contrasted moods, colour, andtonality. An air of spontaneous inspiration and a sense ofimprovisation make it freer in form than a set ofvariations.
The wordrhapsody is derived from theGreek:ῥαψῳδός,rhapsōidos, a reciter ofepic poetry (arhapsodist), and came to be used in Europe by the 16th century as a designation for literary forms, not only epic poems, but also for collections of miscellaneous writings and, later, any extravagant expression of sentiment or feeling. In the 18th century, literary rhapsodies first became linked with music, as inChristian Friedrich Daniel Schubart'sMusicalische Rhapsodien (1786), a collection of songs with keyboard accompaniment, together with a few solo keyboard pieces.[1] The first solo piano compositions with the title, however, wereVáclav Jan Tomášek’s fifteen Rhapsodies, the first of which appeared in 1810.[2] Although vocal examples may be found as late as Brahms'sAlto Rhapsody, Op. 53 (1869), in the 19th century the rhapsody had become primarily an instrumental form, first for the piano and then, in the second half of the century, a large-scale nationalistic orchestral "epic"—a fashion initiated byFranz Liszt.[1] Interest in Romani violin playing beginning in the mid-19th century led to a number of important pieces in that style, in particular by Liszt,Antonín Dvořák,George Enescu,Ernst von Dohnányi, andBéla Bartók, and in the early 20th century British composers exhibiting the influence of folksong composed a number of examples, includingRalph Vaughan Williams's threeNorfolk Rhapsodies,George Butterworth'sA Shropshire Lad, andFrederick Delius'sBrigg Fair (which is subtitled "An English Rhapsody").[3]
In modern times, several composers have endeavored to feature non-traditional orchestral instruments within the context of the rhapsody. During the post World War II era,John Serry Sr. showcased the chromaticpiano accordion within hisAmerican Rhapsody (Alpha Music Publishing, 1955).[4][5][6] Decades later,Ney Gabriel Rosauro included the Brazilianberimbau as well as the Brazilianrepinique within hisRhapsody for Solo Percussion and Orchestra (1992) while also incorporating an optional section in which the performers are encouraged to include a favorite exotic or folklordic instrument.[7]
In 1975, the Britishrock bandQueen released "Bohemian Rhapsody", a bombastic mock-operatic rock song which is in the form of a four-partsuite, but performed with rock instrumentation.[8] Though described by its composerFreddie Mercury as a "mock opera",[9] it has also been characterized as a "sort of seven-minute rockcantata (or 'megasong') in three distinct movements".[10] It became one of the UK'sbest-selling singles of all time.[11]
Some familiar examples may give an idea of the character of a rhapsody:
Who Is Who In Music International 1958. Chicago: Who Is Who International. Biographical File # B11719. SeeInternational Biographical Center, Cambridge, England current publisher.
Anon. n.d. "166: Queen, Bohemian Rhapsody". Rolling Stone Music: 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (Accessed 9 April 2013).
Brown, Matthew. 2012.Debussy Redux. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 9780253357168.
Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. n.d. "Queen: Biography". Allmusic website (Accessed 9 April 2013).
Kennedy, Michael (ed.). 2006. "Rhapsody".The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, revised. Associate editor, Joyce Bourne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN9780198614593.
The Library of Congress Copyright Office. 1957.American Rhapsody, Copyright: Alpha Music Co., New York, New York, USA, Composer:John Serry Sr.
Randel, Don Michael (ed.). 2003. "Rhapsody".The Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth edition. Harvard University Press Reference Library. Cambridge: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press.ISBN978-0674011632.
Rink, John. 2001. "Rhapsody".The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited byStanley Sadie andJohn Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Salmen, Walter. 1966.Geschichte der Rhapsodie. Atlantis-Musikbücherei. Zürich and Freiburg im Breisgau: Atlantis.
Taruskin, Richard. 2009.Music in the Late Twentieth Century. Oxford History of Western Music 6. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN9780199796007.
Thompson, Wendy, and Jane Bellingham. 2002. "Rhapsody".The Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN9780198662129.
