| Reykjavík Summit | |
|---|---|
 Reagan and Gorbachev inHöfði | |
| Host country |  Iceland |
| Date | October 11–12, 1986 |
| Cities | Reykjavík |
| Venues | Höfði |
| Participants |  Mikhail Gorbachev Ronald Reagan |
| Follows | Geneva Summit (1985) |
| Precedes | Washington Summit (1987) |
TheReykjavík Summit was asummit meeting betweenU.S. PresidentRonald Reagan andGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionMikhail Gorbachev, held inReykjavík,Iceland, on 11–12 October 1986.[1] The talks collapsed at the last minute, but the progress that had been achieved eventually resulted in the 1987Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between theUnited States and theSoviet Union.
Since 1986, Gorbachev had proposed banning allballistic missiles, but Reagan wanted to continue research on theStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which involved the militarization of outer space. Yet Soviet suspicion of SDI continued, andU.S.-Soviet relations were strained.[2]
At Reykjavík, Reagan sought to include discussion ofhuman rights,emigration of Soviet Jews and dissidents, and theSoviet invasion of Afghanistan. Gorbachev sought to limit the talks solely toarms control. The Soviets acceded to the "double-zero" proposal for eliminating INF weapons from Europe, as initially proposed by President Reagan in November 1981 (INF denoting "Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces" as distinct from ICBMs, orintercontinental ballistic missiles). The Soviets also proposed to eliminate 50% of all strategic arms, includingICBMs, and agreed not to include British or French weapons in the count. All this was proposed in exchange for an American pledge not to implement strategic defences for the next ten years, in accordance withSALT I.[3]
The Americans countered with a proposal to eliminate all ballistic missiles within ten years, but required the right to deploy strategic defences against remaining threats afterwards. Gorbachev then suggested eliminating all nuclear weapons within a decade. Gorbachev, however, citing a desire to strengthen theAnti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty), added the condition that any SDI research be confined to laboratories for the ten-year period in question. Reagan argued that his proposed SDI research was allowed by any reasonable interpretation of the ABM treaty, and that he could not forget the pledge he made to Americans to investigate whether SDI was viable. He also promised to share SDI technology, a promise which Gorbachev said he doubted would be fulfilled, as the Americans would not even share oil-drilling technology.
Some, including Reagan stafferJack F. Matlock Jr., attribute Reagan's refusal to compromise on SDI testing to a mistaken belief that the proposed restrictions would be detrimental to the program, whereas in reality, Matlock contends, they would have had little effect on research that was still in its very early stages.[4]
The talks finally stalled, President Reagan asking if General Secretary Gorbachev would "turn down a historic opportunity because of a single word", referring to his insistence on laboratory testing. Gorbachev asserted that it was a matter of principle, and the summit concluded. A photograph taken of the two departing Höfði House portrays a visibly-angered Reagan and a solemn Gorbachev.[5]
Despite getting unexpectedly close to the potential elimination of all nuclear weapons, the meeting adjourned with no agreement; however, both sides discovered the extent of the concessions the other side was willing to make.[3] Human rights became a subject of productive discussion for the first time. An agreement by Gorbachev to on-site inspections, a continuing American demand which had not been achieved in thePartial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 or the ABM and SALT I pacts of 1972, constituted a significant step forward.[6]
Despite its apparent failure, participants and observers have referred to the summit as an enormous breakthrough which eventually facilitated the INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty), signed at theWashington Summit on 8 December 1987.
The Reykjavík Summit will be the subject of an upcoming film,Reykjavik, directed by Michael Russell Gunn. It will starJeff Daniels andJared Harris asRonald Reagan andMikhail Gorbachev, respectively.[7]
64°08′47″N21°54′24″W / 64.14639°N 21.90667°W /64.14639; -21.90667
