| Revolutions and interventions in Hungary | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theaftermath of World War I and theRevolutions of 1917–1923 | |||||||
 Heltai's sailors, supporters of the Hungarian revolution | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Hungarian Republic Hungarian SR Slovak SR |  Czechoslovakia Romania State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Republic of Prekmurje Hutsul Republic Kingdom of Hungary France | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Mihály KárolyiBéla KunAntonín Janoušek | Tomáš MasarykFerdinand IPeter IVilmoš TkalecStepan KlochurakGyula KárolyiD. Pattantyús-ÁbrahámMiklós Horthy | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Hungary: 10,000–80,000 | Czechoslovakia: 20,000 Romania: 10,000–96,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Hungary: unknown | Czechoslovakia: 1,000[citation needed] Romania: 11,666[citation needed] | ||||||
There was a period ofrevolutions and interventions in Hungary between 1918 and 1920. TheFirst Hungarian Republic was founded from the ruins of theAustro-Hungarian Empire byMihály Károlyi during theAster Revolution in 1918, at the end ofWorld War I. In March 1919, the republic was overturned by another revolution, and theHungarian Soviet Republic was created. Unresolved conflicts led to wars between Hungary and its neighbor states (Kingdom of Romania,[1]Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes[2][3] and the evolvingCzechoslovakia[1]) in 1919. The Hungarian Soviet Republic ceased to exist after theRomanian occupation. TheKingdom of Hungary was restored in 1920. Hungary signed theTreaty of Trianon in Versailles in the same year.
Thedissolution of Austria-Hungary after its defeat inWWI created the volatile and politically unstable atmosphere in Central Europe.
Thearmistice of Belgrade signed on 13 November 1918 defined ademarcation line marking the southern limit of deployment of most Hungarian armed forces. It left large parts of theLands of the Crown of Saint Stephen (the Hungarian part ofAustria-Hungary) outside Hungarian control – including parts or entire regions ofTransylvania,Banat,Bačka,Baranya, as well asCroatia-Slavonia. It also spelled out in eighteen points the obligations imposed on Hungary by theAllies. Those obligations included Hungary's armed forces being reduced to eight divisions, the clearing ofnaval mines, as well as the turning over of certain quantities ofrolling stock, river ships,tugboats,barges,river monitors, horses and othermateriel to the Allies. Hungary was also obliged to make certain personnel available to repair wartime damage inflicted onSerbia's telegraph infrastructure, as well as to provide personnel to staff railways.
The terms of the armistice and the subsequent actions of the Allies embittered a significant part of Hungary's population and caused the downfall of theFirst Hungarian Republic, which had been established only days after its signing. In 1919, the First Hungarian Republic was replaced by thecommunist-ruledHungarian Soviet Republic.
During the war, the Hungarian communists fought separate battles against troops fromCzechoslovakia andRomania, andFrance was also highly involved[4] diplomatically in the conflicts. By the war's final stage, more than 120,000 troops on both sides were involved.
Appealing to Hungarians with promises of regaining the land lost to neighboring countries within a week of his rise to power, Kun declared war upon Czechoslovakia as Hungarian forces invadedUpper Hungary on May 20, capturing southern territories within weeks. In the face of advancing Hungarian troops, the Allies began to put pressure on the Hungarian government, and within three weeks with Kun's assurances of Russian support failing to materialise, Hungary was forced to withdraw from the just-proclaimedSlovak Soviet Republic after Kun had been given an ultimatum by France, together with a guarantee that Romanian forces would retreat fromTiszántúl.
The Romanians disregarded the guarantees of the French leadership and remained on the eastern banks of theTisza River. The Hungarian government, claiming to impose the will of the Allies on Romania and seeing that it would not be compelled by diplomatic solutions, resolved to clear the threat by military force once and for all. Hungary planned to throw the Romanians out of Tiszántúl, destroy theRomanian Army and even retakeTransylvania. However, the Hungarian offensive was defeated by the Romanian Army, and despite all previous pledges, agreements, and guarantees, the Romanians crossed the Tisza and quickly advanced towards the Hungarian capital,Budapest. It fell on August 4, only three days before Kun escaped toVienna. The destruction of theHungarian Soviet Republic and the Romanian occupation of parts of Hungary proper, including Budapest in August 1919, ended the war.
The Romanian troops withdrew from Hungary in March 1920 after they had seized large amounts of goods from Hungary, which they regarded as war reparations.[5][6][7]
See also1918 occupation of Međimurje andCreation of Yugoslavia
Shortly after theKingdom of Serbia was liberated, the newBanat republic was proclaimed on 1 November, but it was not able to achieve control over most of the territory it claimed; theBelgrade Agreement of 15 November 1918 and previousAllied promises had mandated Serbian control, and the Serbian army entered western and central parts of Banat (including Temeschwar) and abolished the republic; the Romanian army entered the eastern part of the region. Bačka and Baranja were also handed over to a provisional local Serbian administration that governed fromNovi Sad.
Meanwhile arevolt erupted in several villages in the easternMeđimurje and quickly spread across the region among the population. The next day the revolt was suppressed and some of the revolutionaries were executed. On 13 of November, theState of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs launched an attempt to capture Međimurje. Finally, on December 24, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia launched another offensive on Međimurje, which was successful and managed to take control all over Međimurje. The fighting in the region ended after the Yugoslav offensive.
On 29 May, the newRepublic of Prekmurje was proclaimed, which was invaded and occupied by the Hungarian Soviet Republic one week after its independence. On 1 August, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was overthrown byRomanian forces, and soon, the Yugoslav Army marched into Prekmurje and ended the communist rule there.
TheTreaty of Trianon assigned most of the Baranja region to Hungary, which led to massive protests and to a group of people, under the painterPetar Dobrović, to proclaim aSerb-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic. The republic lasted only a few days, and on 25 August 1921 it was invaded and annexed by Hungary, in accordance with Hungarian borders defined by the Treaty of Trianon.
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After theHungarian–Romanian War, the country was totally defeated.
In the name of what they considered to be war reparations, the Romanian government requested the delivery of 50% of the country's rolling stock, 30% of its livestock and 20,000 carloads of fodder and even assessed payment for their expenditures.
By early 1920, it had seized much from Hungary, including food, trucks, locomotives and railroad cars, factory equipment and even the telephones and typewriters from government offices;[8] the Hungarians regarded the Romanian seizures as looting.[8] The Romanian occupation lasted for nearly six months.[9]
After the Romanian occupation,Miklós Horthy's "White Terror" was carried out in response to the previous "Red Terror". The Hungarians had to cede all war materials except weapons that were necessary for the troops under Horthy's command.
