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TheRevolutionary movement for Indian Independence was part of theIndian independence movement comprising the actions of violent underground revolutionary factions. Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category, as opposed to the generally peacefulcivil disobedience movement spearheaded byMahatma Gandhi.
The revolutionary groups were mainly concentrated inBengal,Bombay,Bihar, theUnited Provinces andPunjab. More groups were scattered acrossIndia.
Apart from a few stray incidents, the armed rebellion against the British rulers was not organized before the beginning of the 20th century. The revolutionary philosophies and movement made their presence felt during the 1905partition of Bengal. Arguably, the initial steps to organise the revolutionaries were taken byAurobindo Ghosh, his brotherBarin Ghosh,Bhupendranath Datta,Lal Bal Pal andSubodh Chandra Mullick, when they formed theJugantar party in April 1906.[1]Jugantar was created as an inner circle of theAnushilan Samiti, which was already present inBengal, mainly as a fitness club. The notion of self-improvement of the public along lines of physical, intellectual and spiritual development followed from ideas propagated by thinkers such asBankim Chandra Chattopadhyay,Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo who were rooted in Shakta Hinduism.[2]
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Communist Consolidation was an organization formed inCellular Jail and was founded byHare Krishna Konar along with 39 other inmates. This organization was formed after the freedom fighters started studyingCommunism,Socialism andMarxism. In 1937 the political prisoners and the members of theCommunist Consolidation of Cellular Jail started feeling thatWorld War II was imminent and thought that before the war started they should get back to the mainland country to be with their people and take an active part in the upheaval that was coming, so the prisoners started a hunger strike against the British government. This hunger strike was led by the founder of Communist Consolidation Hare Krishna Konar, some notable strikers wereBatukeshwar Dutt (associated withBhagat Singh),Sachindra Nath Sanyal (founder ofHindustan Socialist Republican Association),Ganesh Ghosh (member ofChittagong armoury raid) and many others.
Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy (died 22 February 1847) was the son of a former IndianTelugupolygar who was at the heart of a rebellion in 1846, when 5000 peasants rose up against the BritishEast India Company (EIC) inKurnool district,Rayalaseema Region ofAndhra Pradesh. They were protesting changes to the traditionalagrarian system the British introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century. Those changes, which included the introduction of theryotwari system and other attempts to maximize revenue, impacted lower-status cultivators by depleting their crops and leaving them impoverished.
Alluri Sitarama Raju (4 July 1897 or 1898 – 7 May 1924) was an Indian revolutionary who waged an armed rebellion against the British colonial rule in India. Born in present-day Andhra Pradesh, he was involved in opposing the British in response to the 1882 Madras Forest Act that effectively restricted the free movement of adivasis in their forest habitats and prevented them from practicing their traditional form of agriculture called 'podu', which threatened their very way of life.
The Greatest InfluentialIndianFreedom Fighters fromBengal duringIndian Independence Movement (1758–1947)
Established byPramathanath Mitra, it became one of the most organized revolutionary associations, especially in easternBengal, where theDhaka Anushilan Samiti had several branches and carried out major activities.[3] Jugantar was initially formed by an inner circle of the KolkataAnushilan Samiti. In the 1920s, the Kolkata faction supportedGandhi in theNon-Cooperation Movement and many of the leaders held high posts inCongress. The Anushilan Samati had over five hundred branches. Indians living in America and Canada had established theGhadar Party.
Barin Ghosh was the main leader. Along with 21 revolutionaries includingBagha Jatin, he started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs. The headquarters of Jugantar was located at 93/aBowbazar Street,Kolkata.
Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them,Hemchandra Kanungo, obtained his training in Paris. After returning to Kolkata he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in theManiktala suburb ofCalcutta. However, the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford ofMuzaffarpur byKhudiram Bose andPrafulla Chaki on 30 April 1908 initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries.
Bagha Jatin was one of the top leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with theHowrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case. They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler.[4]
Jugantar, along with other revolutionary groups, aided by Indians abroad, planned an armed revolt against the British rulers during the First World War. This plan largely depended on the clandestine landing of German arms and ammunitions on the Indian coast.[5][6] This plan came to be known as theIndo-German Plot. However, the planned revolt did not materialise.
After the First World War, Jugantar supported Gandhi in theNon-Cooperation Movement and many of their leaders were in theCongress. Still, the group continued its revolutionary activities, a notable event being theChittagong armoury raid.
Benoy Basu,Badal Gupta andDinesh Gupta, who are noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building – theWriters' Building in theDalhousie Square inKolkata, were Jugantar members.
The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was established in October 1924 inKanpur,Uttar Pradesh by revolutionaries likeRamprasad Bismil,Jogesh Chatterjee,Chandrashekhar Azad,Yogendra Shukla andSachindranath Sanyal.[7] The aim of the party was to organise armed revolution to end the colonial rule and establish aFederal Republic of the United States of India. TheKakori train robbery was a notable act of this group. TheKakori case led to the hanging ofAshfaqullah Khan,Ramprasad Bismil,Roshan Singh,Rajendra Lahiri. The Kakori case was a major setback for the group. However, the group was soon reorganised under the leadership ofChandrashekhar Azad and with members likeBhagat Singh,Bhagwati Charan Vohra andSukhdev on 8 and 9 September 1928– and the group was now christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
InLahore on 17 December 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad andRajguru assassinated Saunders, a police official involved in deadly lathi-charge on Lala Lajpat Rai. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb inside theCentral Legislative Assembly. The Assembly Bomb Case trial followed. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were hanged on 23 March 1931.
TheAbhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society) was asecret society founded byVinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brotherGanesh Damodar Savarkarin 1904.[9] Initially founded atNasik as "Mitra Mela" when Vinayak Savarkar was still a student ofFergusson College atPune, the society grew to include several hundred revolutionaries and political activists with branches in various parts of India, extending to London after Savarkar went to study law. It carried out a few assassinations of British officials, after which the Savarkar brothers were convicted and imprisoned. The society was formally disbanded in 1952.[10][11]
Savarkar's revolutionary propaganda led to the assassination of Lt. Col.William Curzon-Wyllie, the political aide-de-camp to the Secretary of State for India, by Madanlal Dhingra on the evening of 1 July 1909, at a meeting of Indian students in the Imperial Institute in London. Dhingra was arrested and later tried and executed.A. M. T. Jackson, the district magistrate of Nasik, was assassinated in India by Anant Laxman Kanhare in 1909 in the historic "Nasik Conspiracy Case".[12][13]
The investigation into the Jackson assassination revealed the existence of the Abhinav Bharat Society and the role of the Savarkar brothers in leading it. Vinayak Savarkar was found to have dispatched twentyBrowning pistols to India, one of which was used in the Jackson assassination. He was charged in the Jackson murder and sentenced to "transportation" for life. Savarkar was imprisoned in theCellular Jail in theAndaman Islands in 1910.[12]
Veer Bhai Kotwal alias Veer Bhai Kotwal duringQuit India Movement formed group of underground mercenaries called "Kotwal Dasta", a parallel government in the Karjat taluka of Thane district. They were about 50 in numbers including farmers and voluntary school teachers. They decided to cut down the electric pylons supplying electricity to Mumbai city. From September 1942 through November 1942 they felled 11 pylons, paralyzing the industries and railways.
The uprising against the British was evidenced at Halagali (Mudhol taluk of Bagalkot district). The prince of Mudhol, Ghorpade, had accepted British overlordship. But the Bedas (hunters), a martial community, were seething with dissatisfaction under the new dispensation. The British proclaimed the Disarming Act of 1857 whereby men possessing firearms had to register them and secure a license before 10 November 1857. Babaji Nimbalkar, a soldier thrown out of job from Satara Court, had advised these people not to lose their hereditary right to own arms.
One of the leaders of the Bedas, Jadgia, was invited by the administrator at Mudhol and was persuaded to secure a license on 11 November, though Jadgia had not asked for it. The administrator's expectation that others would follow Jadgia was belied. So he sent his agents to Halagali on 15 and 20 November and again on 21. But the entreaties of the agents did not succeed, and the agents sent on 21 November were attacked by Jadgia and Baalya, another leader, and they were forced to return. Another agent sent on 25 November was not allowed to enter the village.
Meanwhile, the Bedas and other armed men from the neighbouring villages of Mantur, Boodni, and Alagundi assembled at Halagali. The administrator reported the matter to Major Malcolm, the Commander at the nearby army headquarters, who sent Col. Seton Karr to Halagali on 29 November.
The insurgents, numbering 500, did not allow the British to enter Halagali. There was a fight during the night. On 30 November, Major Malcolm came with 29th Regiment from Bagalkot. They set fire to the village and many insurgents died, including Babaji Nimbalkar. The British, who had a bigger army and better arms, arrested 290 insurgents; and of those 29 were tried and 11 were hanged at Mudhol on 11 December, and six others, including Jadagia and Baalya, were hanged at Halagali on 14 December 1857. No prince orjagirdar was involved in this uprising, but it was the common soldiers.
Violent revolutionary activities never took firm root in South India. The only violent act attributed to the revolutionaries was the assassination of the Collector of Tirunelveli (Tinnevelly). On 17 June 1911, the Collector of Tirunelveli, Robert Ashe, was killed byVanchinathan, who subsequently committed suicide, which was the only instance of political assassination by a revolutionary in South India.
I dedicate my life as a small contribution to my motherland. I am alone responsible for this.Themlechas of England having captured our country, tread over theSanatana Dharma of the Hindus and destroy them. Every Indian is trying to drive out the English and getswarajyam and restore Sanatana Dharma. Our Raman, Sivaji, Krishnan, Guru Govindan, Arjuna ruled our land protecting all dharmas, but in this land, they are making arrangements to crown George V, amlecha, and one who eats the flesh of cows.
Three thousandMadrasees have taken a vow to kill George V as soon as he lands in our country. In order to make others know our intention, I who am the least in the company, have done this deed this day. This is what everyone in Hindustan should consider it as his duty.
I will kill Ashe, whose arrival here is to celebrate the crowning of cow-eater King George V in this glorious land which was once ruled by greatSamrats. This I do to make them understand the fate of those who cherish the thought of enslaving this sacred land. I, as the least of them, wish to warn George by killing Ashe.
Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram
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The India House was an informalIndian nationalist organization that existed in London between 1905 and 1910. Initially begun byShyamji Krishna Varma as a residence in Highgate,North London, for Indian students to promote nationalist views and work, the house became a centre for intellectual political activities, and rapidly developed into a meeting ground for radical nationalists among Indian students in Britain at the time, and of the most prominent centers for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside India.The Indian Sociologist, published by the house, was a noted platform for anti-colonial work and was banned in India as "seditious literature".
TheIndia House was the beginning of a number of noted Indian revolutionaries and nationalists, most famouslyV. D. Savarkar, as well as others of the like ofV.N. Chatterjee,Lala Har Dayal,V. V. S. Iyer, The house came to the attention ofScotland Yard's work against Indian seditionists, as well as the focus of work for the nascentIndian Political Intelligence Office. India House ceased to be a potent organisation after its liquidation in the wake of the assassination ofWilliam Hutt Curzon Wyllie by an India House member namedMadan Lal Dhingra. This event marked the beginnings of the London Police's crackdown on the activities of the house and a number of its activists and patrons, includingShyamji Krishna Varma andBhikaiji Cama moved to Europe to carry on works in support of Indian nationalism. Some Indian students, includingHar Dayal, moved to the United States. The network that the House founded was key in thenationalist revolutionary conspiracy in India during World War I.
Gadar party was a predominantlySikh organization that started operating abroad in 1913 "with the view to do-away with the British rule in India".[17] The party collaborated with revolutionaries inside India and helped them get arms and ammunition.Lala Hardayal was a prominent leader of the party and promoter of the Gadar newspaper. TheKomagata Maru incident in 1914 inspired several thousand Indians residing in the USA to sell their businesses and rush home to participate in the anti-British activities in India. The party had active members in India, Mexico, Japan, China, Singapore,Thailand,Philippines,Malaya,Indo-China and Eastern and Southern Africa. During World War I, it was among the chief participants of theHindu–German Conspiracy.
The "Berlin committee for Indian independence" was established in 1915 by Virendra Nath Chattopadhya, including Bhupendra Nath Dutt & Lala Hardayal under "Zimmerman plan" with the full backing of German foreign office.
Their goal was mainly to achieve the following four objectives:
Several leaders of theJugantar party includingAurobindo Ghosh were arrested in connection with bomb-making activities inKolkata.[18] Several of the activists were deported to theAndamanCellular Jail.
Most of the eminentJugantar leaders includingBagha Jatin aliasJatindra Nath Mukherjee who were not arrested earlier, were arrested in 1910, in connection with the murder of Shamsul Alam. Thanks to Bagha Jatin's new policy of a decentralised federated action, most of the accused were released in 1911.
The Delhi Conspiracy case, also known as the Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy, hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the thenViceroy of India,Lord Hardinge, on the occasion of transferring the capital ofBritish India fromCalcutta to New Delhi. Involving revolutionary underground inBengal and headed byRash Behari Bose along withSachin Sanyal, the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912 when a home-made bomb was thrown into the Viceroys'sHowdah when the ceremonial procession moved through theChandni Chowk suburb ofDelhi. The Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, although theMahout was killed.
In the aftermath of the event, efforts were made to destroy the Bengali and Punjabi revolutionary underground, which came under intense pressure for sometime. Rash Behari successfully evaded capture for nearly three years, becoming actively involved in theGhadar conspiracy before it was uncovered, and fleeing toJapan in 1916.
The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to theDelhi Conspiracy Trial. AlthoughBasanta Kumar Biswas was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along withAmir Chand andAvadh Behari for their roles in the conspiracy, the true identity of the person who threw the bomb is not known to this day.
The Indo-German movement, also referred to as the Hindu–German Conspiracy or the Ghadar movement (or Ghadr conspiracy), was formulated during World War I betweenIndian Nationalists in India, the United States and Germany, theIrish Republicans, and the German Foreign office to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion againstThe Raj with German support between 1914 and 1917, during World War I.[19][20][21] The most famous amongst a number of plots planned to foment unrest and trigger aPan-Indian mutiny in February 1915, in theBritish Indian Army fromPunjab to Singapore, to overthrowThe Raj in theIndian subcontinent. This conspiracy was ultimately thwarted at the last moment as British intelligence successfully infiltrated the Ghadarite movement and arrested key figures. The failedSingapore mutiny remains a famous part of this plot while mutinies in other smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.
World War I began with an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards the United Kingdom from within the mainstream political leadership, contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt. India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However,Bengal and Punjab remained hotbeds of anti-colonial activities. Terrorism in Bengal, increasingly closely linked with the unrest in Punjab, was significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration. With outlines of German links with the Indian revolutionary movement already in place as early as 1912, the main conspiracy was formulated between theGhadar Party in the United States, theBerlin Committee in Germany,Indian revolutionary underground inIndia,Sinn Féin and theGerman Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco at the beginning of World War I. A number of failed attempts were made at mutiny, among them theFebruary mutiny plan and theSingapore Mutiny. This movement was suppressed by means of a massive international counter-intelligence operation and draconian political acts (including theDefence of India Act 1915) that lasted nearly ten years. Other notable events that formed a part of the conspiracy include theAnnie Larsen arms plot, theMission to Kabul that also attempted to rally Afghanistan against British India. The Mutiny of theConnaught Rangers in India, as well as by some accounts, theBlack Tom explosion in 1916 are also considered minor events linked to the conspiracy.
The Indo-Irish-German alliance and the conspiracy were the target of a worldwide intelligence effort by the British intelligence agencies which was ultimately successful in preventing further attempts and plans, and in the aftermath of theAnnie Larsen affair, successfully directed the American intelligence agencies to arrest key figures at the time she enteredWorld War I in 1917. The conspiracy led to theLahore conspiracy case in India and theHindu–German Conspiracy Trial in the US, of which the latter at the time was one of the longest and most expensive trials in that country.[19]Largely subdued and suppressed by the end of the war, the movement posed a significant threat to British India during World War I and its aftermath, and was a major factor guidingThe Raj's India policy.
During the war, the Pan-Islamist movement also attempted to overthrow the Raj, and came to form a close liaison with the Indo-German Conspiracy. Out of theDeobandi movement arose the Tehrek-e-Reshmi Rumal. TheDeobandi leaders attempted to begin a pan-Islamic insurrection inBritish India during World War I by seeking support fromOttoman Turkey,Imperial Germany, Afghanistan. The plot was uncovered byPunjabCID with the capture of letters fromUbaidullah Sindhi, one of the Deobandi leaders then inAfghanistan, toMahmud al Hasan another leader then in Persia. The letters were written in Silk cloth, hence the name of theSilk Letter Conspiracy.[22][23]
Surya Sen led Indian revolutionaries to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces and to cut all communication lines inChittagong on 18 April 1930. After successfully completing the raid, revolutionaries establish Provincial National Government of India, after this in deadly clash with Government troops in Jalalabad Hill, revolutionaries scattered themselves in small groups. and Some revolutionaries were soon killed or arrested in a gun-fight with the police. Scores of Government officials, policeman were also killed.Pritilata Waddedar led the attack on European club in Chittagong in 1932.Surya Sen was arrested in 1933 and was hanged on 12 January 1934.
Bhagat Singh andBatukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the assembly house along with leaflets stating their revolutionary philosophy – 'to make the deaf hear'.Bhagat Singh,Sukhdev andRajguru were hanged and several others faced the verdict of imprisonment. Batukeshwar Dutt outlived all his comrades and died in July 1965 in Delhi. All of them cremated in Ferozpur (Punjab, India).
Baikuntha Shukla, the great nationalist was hanged for murderingPhanindrananth Ghosh who had become a government approver which led to the hanging ofBhagat Singh,Sukhdev andRajguru. He was a nephew ofYogendra Shukla. Baikunth Shukla was also initiated into the independence struggle at a young age taking an active part in the 'Salt Satyagraha' of 1930. He was associated with revolutionary organisations like theHindustan Seva Dal and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. The execution of the great Indian revolutionaries Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev in 1931 as a result of their trial in the 'Lahore conspiracy case' was an event that shook the entire country.Phanindra Nath Ghosh, hitherto a key member of the Revolutionary Party had treacherously betrayed the cause by turning an approver, giving evidence, which led to the execution. Baikunth was commissioned to plan the execution of Ghosh as an act of ideological vendetta which he carried out successfully on 9 November 1932. He was arrested and tried for the killing. Baikunth was convicted and hanged inGaya Central Jail on 14 May 1934. He was 28 years old.
On 27 February 1931, Chandrasekar Azad died in a shootout when cornered by the police.
It is unclear of the eventual fate of the Association, but the common understanding is that it disbanded with the death of Chandrashekar Azad and the hanging of its popular activists: Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.
A bomb was thrown on the Calcutta Police Commissioner,Charles Tegart on 25 August 1930.
Chandrasekhar Azad,Ramprasad Bismil,Jogesh Chatterjee,Ashfaqullah Khan, Banwari Lal and their accomplices participated in the robbery of treasury money that was being transported by train. The looting took place between Kakori station and Alamnagar, within 10 miles (16 km) ofLucknow on 9 August 1925. Police started an intense man-hunt and arrested a large number of revolutionaries and tried them in the Kakori case.Ashfaqullah Khan,Ramprasad Bismil,Roshan Singh,Rajendra Lahiri were hanged, four others were sent to theCellular Jail inPort Blair,Andaman for life and seventeen others were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment.
The scenario changed with the years. The British were thinking to quit India and religious politics came into play. The basic political background of revolutionary ideas seemed to evolve in a new direction. The organised revolutionary movements can be said to have nearly ceased by 1936, apart from some stray sparks, like the killing of SirMichael O'Dwyer, generally held responsible for theAmritsar Massacre, on 13 March 1940, byUdham Singh in London.
During theQuit India Movement of 1942, several other activities took place in different parts of India. However, those were discrete occurrences and hardly any large scale planned terrorism took place that could shake the British administration. Meanwhile,Subhas Chandra Bose was heading theIndian National Army outside India and was working with the Japanese Empire to move the army towards India. In 1945, Bose died in a plane crash; the INA surrendered soon after.
India gained independence on 15 August 1947.
Many revolutionaries participated in mainstream politics and joined political parties like theCongress and, especially, the communist parties and took part in the parliamentary democracy that came into being. On the other hand, many ex-revolutionaries, having been released from captivity, led the lives of common men.
| Name | Birth | Death | Activity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yogendra Shukla | |||
| Vasudev Balwant Phadke | 4 November 1845 | 17 February 1883 | Deccan Rebellion |
| Hemchandra Kanungo | 12 June 1871 | 8 April 1951 | Alipore bomb case |
| Ubaidullah Sindhi | 10 March 1872 | 21 August 1944 | Silk Letter Conspiracy |
| Sri Aurobindo Ghosh | 15 August 1872 | 5 December 1950 | Alipore Bomb Case |
| Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath | 21 November 1872 | 14 August 1941 | Kota Murder Case. Founder of Revolutionary organizations inRajputana ('Veer Bharat Sabha', 'Rajasthan Seva Sangh' and 'Rajputana-Madhya Bharat Sabha') |
| Bagha Jatin | 7 December 1879 | 10 September 1915 | The Howrah-Sibpur conspiracy case, Hindu–German Conspiracy |
| Barindra Kumar Ghosh | 5 January 1880 | 18 April 1959 | Alipore bomb case |
| Bhavabhushan Mitra | 1881 | 27 January 1970 | Ghadar Mutiny |
| Satyendranath Bosu | 30 July 1882 | 21 November 1908 | Assassination of British approver |
| Vinayak Damodar Savarkar | 28 May 1883 | 26 February 1966 | Abhinav Bharat |
| Madan Lal Dhingra | 18 February 1883 | 17 August 1909 | Curzon Wyllie's assassination |
| Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath | 12 September 1883 | 17 October 1939 | assassination attempt on theViceroy of India,Lord Hardinge in 1912 (Delhi Conspiracy Case), Arrah Conspiracy Case |
| Ullaskar Dutta | 16 April 1885 | 17 May 1965 | Alipore bomb case |
| Vanchinathan | 1886 | 17 June 1911 | Shot deadRobert Ashe, the Tax Collector of Thirunelveli |
| Rash Behari Bose | 25 May 1886 | 21 January 1945 | Indian National Army |
| Krishnaji Gopal Karve | 1887 | 19 April 1910 | Shooting of British Officer Jackson |
| Prafulla Chaki | 10 December 1888 | 2 May 1908 | The Muzaffarpur killing |
| Kanailal Dutta | 31 August 1888 | 10 November 1908 | Assassination of British approver |
| Khudiram Bose | 3 December 1889 | 11 August 1908 | The Muzaffarpur killing |
| Anant Laxman Kanhere | 7 January 1892 | 19 April 1910 | Shooting of British Officer Jackson |
| Roshan Singh | 22 January 1892 | 19 December 1927 | Kakori Conspiracy, Bamrauli Action |
| Ambika Chakrabarty | January 1892 | 6 March 1962 | Chittagong armoury raid |
| Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath | 25 May 1893 | 7 May 1918 | assistedZorawar Singh inDelhi Conspiracy to assassinateLord Hardinge, Benaras Conspiracy (part of the largerGhadar Movement) |
| Surya Sen (Masterda) | 22 March 1894 | 12 January 1934 | Chittagong Armoury Raid |
| Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee | 1895 | 2 April 1960 | Kakori Conspiracy |
| Ram Prasad Bismil | 11 June 1897 | 19 December 1927 | Kakori Conspiracy |
| Alluri Sitarama Raju | 1897 | 7 May 1924 | Rampa Rebellion of 1922 |
| Udham Singh | 26 December 1899 | 31 July 1940 | Shooting in Caxton Hall |
| Ashfaqulla Khan | 22 October 1900 | 19 December 1927 | Kakori Conspiracy |
| Rajendra Lahiri | 29 June 1901 | 17 December 1927 | Kakori Conspiracy |
| Bhagwati Charan Vohra | 15 November 1903 | 28 May 1930 | Philosophy of Bomb |
| Ananta Singh | 1 December 1903 | 25 January 1979 | Chittagong armoury raid |
| Jatindra Nath Das | 27 October 1904 | 13 September 1929 | Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case |
| Sachindra Bakshi | 25 December 1904 | 23 November 1984 | Kakori Conspiracy |
| Kushal Konwar | 21 March 1905 | 15 June 1943 | Train sabotage Sarupathar |
| Chandra Shekhar Azad | 23 July 1906 | 27 February 1931 | Kakori Conspiracy |
| Sukhdev Thapar | 15 May 1907 | 23 March 1931 | Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929 |
| Bhagat Singh | 28 September 1907 | 23 March 1931 | Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929, Murder of British police officer, J.P. Saunders |
| Durgawati Devi (Durga Bhabi) | 7 October 1907 | 15 October 1999 | Running the bomb factory 'Himalayan Toilets' |
| Baikuntha Shukla | 1907 | 14 May 1934 | Assassination of Phanindra Nath Ghosh, a government Approver |
| Manmath Nath Gupta | 7 February 1908 | 26 October 2000 | Kakori Conspiracy |
| Shivaram Hari Rajguru | 24 August 1908 | 23 March 1931 | Murder of a British police officer, J. P. Saunders |
| Benoy Basu | 11 September 1908 | 13 December 1930 | Attack at Writers Building |
| Basawon Singh (Sinha) | 23 March 1909 | 7 April 1989 | Lahore conspiracy case |
| Batukeshwar Dutt | 18 November 1910 | 20 July 1965 | Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929 |
| Pritilata Waddedar | 5 May 1911 | 24 September 1932 | Pahartali European Club attack |
| Bina Das | 24 August 1911 | 26 December 1986 | Attempted to Assassinate the Bengal Governor Stanley Jackson |
| Dinesh Gupta | 6 December 1911 | 7 July 1931 | Attack at Writers Building |
| Badal Gupta | 1912 | 8 December 1930 | Attack at Writers Building |
| Dinesh Chandra Majumdar | 1907 | 9 June 1934 | Attempted to Assassinate British Police Commissioner of CalcuttaCharles Tegart |
| Veer Bhai Kotwal | 1 December 1912 | 2 January 1943 | Kotwal Dasta, Quit India Movement |
| Hare Krishna Konar | 5 August 1915 | 23 July 1974 | Founder ofCommunist Consolidation inCellular Jail in 1935 |
| Hemu Kalani | 23 March 1923 | 21 January 1943 | Sabotage of Railway Track |
| Rani Lakshmi Bai | 19 November 1828 | 18 June 1858 | For her Kingdom Jhansi Killing and insulting British official |
| Background |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Ghadar | ||
| Berlin Committee | ||
| Indian figures | ||
| German figures | ||
| Conspiracy | ||
| Counter-intelligence | ||
| Related topics | ||
