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Revolutionary Nationalist Movement Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario | |
|---|---|
 | |
| National Chief | Luis Eduardo Siles |
| Founder | Víctor Paz Estenssoro[1] Hernán Siles Zuazo Carlos Montenegro Wálter Guevara José Cuadros Quiroga[2] |
| Founded | 7 June 1942; 83 years ago (1942-06-07)[3] |
| Preceded by | Independent Socialist Party |
| Headquarters | Casa Rosada, Nicolás Acosta 574, San Pedro,La Paz |
| Membership(2025) | 78,775[4] |
| Ideology | Current: Liberal conservatism Federalism Conservatism[5] Liberalism[6] Historical: Social democracy Left-wing nationalism[7] Economic nationalism[8] Left-wing populism[9] Statism Reformism Revolutionary nationalism |
| Political position | Current: Centre-right toright-wing Historical: Centre-left toleft-wing |
| National affiliation | Libre 21[10][11] Nationalist Popular Front (1971-1974) Nationalist Union of the People (1978) |
| Continental affiliation | COPPPAL |
| Colours | Pink |
| Chamber of Deputies | 0 / 130 |
| Senate | 0 / 36 |
| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
www [dead link] | |
TheRevolutionary Nationalist Movement (Spanish:Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionarioⓘ,MNR) is acentre-right,conservative political party in Bolivia.[12][5] It was the leading force behind theBolivian National Revolution from 1952 to 1964. It influenced much of the country's history since 1941.
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement was begun in 1941 by future presidentsVíctor Paz Estenssoro andHernán Siles Zuazo. It soon attracted some of the brightest members of the Bolivian intelligentsia. Among the party's most prominent supporters wereHumberto Guzmán Fricke,Juan Lechín,Carlos Montenegro,Walter Guevara Arze,Javier del Granado,Augusto Céspedes,Lydia Gueiler,Guillermo Bedregal, andGonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, a number of whom later became presidents of Bolivia.
At the time of its establishment it was a leftist/reformist party, along the lines ofsimilar Latin American parties such as theBrazilian Labour Party, theSocialist Party of Chile, theNational Liberation Party inCosta Rica,Dominican Revolutionary Party, the GuatemalanRevolutionary Action Party, the MexicanInstitutional Revolutionary Party, theAmerican Popular Revolutionary Alliance inPeru,Democratic Action inVenezuela. The MNR first came to power in 1943, as supporters of the reformist military regime ofGualberto Villarroel.
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement led the leftistBolivian National Revolution of 1952 and ruled the country until 1964 when it was overthrown by the military coup ofRené Barrientos. During the presidencies ofPaz Estenssoro (1952–56 and 1960–64) andHernán Siles Zuazo (1956–60) were the top leaders of the Revolutionary period, establishing the universal vote, nationalizing the tin mines, and instituting an extensive agrarian reform. During this time many of the old elitist parties which had previously dominated Bolivian politics either disappeared or faded into irrelevance. This left the MNR in the center of the Bolivian political spectrum.
Siles and Paz split in the 1960s over Paz's ambitions and personal control of the party. Filled with many strong personalities, the party had in fact begun to fragment along political and personal lines since the late 1950s, withWálter Guevara being the first to leave and the popularJuan Lechín being expelled in 1964. Siles went on to form theRevolutionary Nationalist Leftwing Movement (MNRI) and Lechín theRevolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left (PRIN).
Falling from power only deepened the intra-party squabbles. With the main body of the MNR firmly behind Paz Estenssoro, the old leader made what can be seen as a major mistake in 1971, when he supported the coup d'état ofHugo Banzer Suárez. He apparently believed that Banzer would only rule for a year or two before calling elections that the MNR would almost certainly win. If so, he badly miscalculated; Banzer exiled Paz in 1975. The main body supported Paz in exile, while a faction continued to back Banzer.
Paz' support of the Banzer dictatorship was a move that was to cost his party dearly at the polls in subsequent years. While Paz seemed to be moving steadily to the right, Siles Zuazo broke off to found the left-leaningLeft-wing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNRI) in 1971. Indeed, Siles was the post-MNR politician who was best able to capitalize on the remaining legitimacy and respect that MNR had as a result of the 1952 Revolution. Paz Estenssoro led the MNR-proper in the Bolivian general elections of1978,1979, and1980 elections, finishing third, second, and second, respectively.
Led by Sánchez de Lozada, the MNR won the1993 elections and Sanchez was confirmed as president by parliament. He continued the policies of the NEP. The party placed second in1997 elections, with the presidential candidateJuan Carlos Durán (at the time, the Bolivian constitution prohibited direct re-election of a sitting president) losing to the former dictator Banzer.
At the legislativeelections 2002 MNR in alliance withFree Bolivia Movement, won 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 out of 27 in the Senate. Following these elections, because no presidential candidate had received a majority, the Congress chose the President, and they again elected Sánchez de Lozada. After the 2002 elections, the party ruled in a coalition with theRevolutionary Left Movement. In 2003 Sanchez was forced to resign, and his successor, independent candidateCarlos Mesa took over in hopes of promoting national unity in the face of nationwide protests. Mesa soon resigned and presidential elections were scheduled for December 2005. Inthese elections MNR received only 6.5% of the popular vote and won 7 out of 130 seats in theChamber of Deputies and 1 out of 27 seats in theSenate. Its candidate in the presidential elections wasMichiaki Nagatani, whose poor performance demonstrated a steep decline in the fortunes of the party as the Bolivian political scene began to be dominated byEvo Morales.
For the 2009 elections, the MNR was a component of thePlan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence. The party's future is uncertain as it is no longer represented in the parliament and its last government has been tarnished by serious accusations of corruption, economic mismanagement and armed suppression of protesters.
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement currently is led byLuis Eduardo Siles.
| Election | Party candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1947 | Víctor Paz Estenssoro | 5,194 | 5.56% | Lost N |
| 1951 | 54,129 | 42.9% | AnnulledN | |
| 1956 | Hernán Siles Zuazo | 787,792 | 84.4% | Elected Y |
| 1960 | Víctor Paz Estenssoro | 735,619 | 76.1% | ElectedY |
| 1964 | 1,114,717 | 97.9% | ElectedY | |
| 1966 | Víctor Andrade | 88,099 | 8.7% | LostN |
| 1978 | Víctor Paz Estenssoro | 213,622 | 11.0% | LostN |
| 1979 | 527,184 | 35.9% | LostN | |
| 1980 | 263,706 | 20.2% | LostN | |
| 1985 | 456,704 | 30.4% | ElectedY | |
| 1989 | Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada | 363,113 | 25.6% | LostN |
| 1993 | 585,837 | 35.6% | ElectedY | |
| 1997 | Juan Carlos Durán | 396,235 | 18.2% | LostN |
| 2002 | Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada | 624,126 | 22.5% | ElectedY |
| 2005 | Michiaki Nagatani Morishita | 185,859 | 6.5% | LostN |
| 2009 | EndorsingManfred Reyes Villa | 1,212,795 | 26.5% | LostN |
| 2014 | EndorsingSamuel Doria Medina | 1,253,288 | 24.2% | LostN |
| 2019 | Virginio Lema | 42,334 | 0.7% | LostN |
| Election | Votes | % | Chamberseats | +/– | Position | Senate seats | +/– | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1942 | 5 / 110 |  5 | 7th | 0 / 27 | ||||
| 1944 | 56 / 137 | 51 | 1st | 0 / 27 | ||||
| 1947 | 4 / 111 |  52 | 4th | 1 / 27 | 1 | 4th | ||
| 1949 | 9 / 111 | 5 | 3rd | 1 / 27 |  | 5th | ||
| 1956 | 787,792 | 84.4% | 61 / 68 | 52 | 1st | 18 / 18 | 17 | 1st |
| 1960 | 735,619 | 76.1% | 51 / 68 | 10 | 1st | 18 / 18 | | 1st |
| 1962 | 886,572 | 84.7% | 64 / 72 | 13 | 1st | 27 / 27 | 16 | 1st |
| 1964 | 1,114,717 | 97.9% | 57 / 73 | 7 | 1st | 22 / 27 | 5 | 1st |
| 1966 | 88,099 | 8.7% | 0 / 120 | 57 | 3rd | 0 / 27 | 22 | 3rd |
| 1979 | 527,184 | 35.9% | 48 / 117 | 48 | 1st | 16 / 27 | 16 | 1st |
| 1980 | 263,706 | 20.2% | 34 / 130 | 14 | 2nd | 10 / 27 | 6 | 2nd |
| 1985 | 456,704 | 30.4% | 43 / 130 | 9 | 1st | 16 / 27 | 6 | 1st |
| 1989 | 363,113 | 25.6% | 40 / 130 | 3 | 1st | 9 / 27 | 7 | 1st |
| 1993 | 585,837 | 35.6% | 52 / 130 | 12 | 1st | 17 / 27 | 8 | 1st |
| 1997 | 396,235 | 18.2% | 26 / 130 | 26 | 2nd | 5 / 27 | 12 | 2nd |
| 2002 | 624,126 | 22.5% | 36 / 130 | 10 | 1st | 11 / 27 | 6 | 1st |
| 2005 | 185,859 | 6.47% | 7 / 130 | 29 | 4th | 1 / 27 | 10 | 4th |
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