Steven Spielberg,David Lynch, andDavid Cronenberg were considered to direct the film before Marquand signed on as director. The production team relied on Lucas' storyboards during pre-production. While writing the shooting script, Lucas, Kasdan, Marquand, and producerHoward Kazanjian spent two weeks in conference discussing ideas to construct it. Kazanjian's schedule pushed shooting to begin a few weeks early to allowIndustrial Light & Magic more time to work on the film's effects in post-production. Filming took place in England, California, and Arizona from January to May 1982 (1982-05).
Return of the Jedi was released in theaters by20th Century-Fox on May 25, 1983. It grossed $374 million worldwide during its initial theatrical run, becoming thehighest-grossing film of 1983. It was well received by critics, with strong praise going to the performances of the actors, John Williams' score, the special effects and the action sequences. Several re-releases andrevisions to the film have followed over the decades, which have brought its total gross to $482 million. The United StatesLibrary of Congress selected it for preservation in theNational Film Registry in 2021. Aprequel trilogy, released between 1999 and 2005, and asequel trilogy, released between 2015 and 2019, followed.
One year afterHan Solo's capture and imprisonment in carbonite,[a]C-3PO andR2-D2 enter the palace of the crime lordJabba the Hutt onTatooine. They were sent as a goodwill gift byLuke Skywalker, who hopes to negotiate with Jabba for Han's release. Disguised as abounty hunter,Princess Leia infiltrates the palace under the pretense of having capturedChewbacca. She releases Han from the carbonite but is caught by Jabba and enslaved. Luke arrives to bargain for the release of his friends, but Jabba drops him through a trapdoor to be eaten by arancor. After Luke kills the beast, Jabba decrees that he, Han, and Chewbacca will be fed to aSarlacc,[7][8] a deadly ground-dwelling creature. However, Luke retrieves his new greenlightsaber fromR2-D2, and the group of friends battle Jabba's thugs aboard his sail barge. During the chaos,Boba Fett falls into the Sarlacc's pit, and Leia strangles Jabba to death with her chains. The group escapes as Jabba's sail barge is destroyed.
As the others rendezvous with the Rebel Alliance, Luke returns toDagobah to complete hisJedi training withYoda, who is dying when he arrives. Before Yoda dies, he confirms thatDarth Vader is Luke's father, the former Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker, and that there is another Skywalker.Obi-Wan Kenobi'sForce spirit tells Luke that Leia is his twin sister, and that he must face Vader again to finish his training and defeat the Empire.
The Alliance learns that the Empire has been constructing a second Death Star under the supervision ofthe Emperor. The station is protected by an energy shield on the forest moon ofEndor. Han leads a strike team, including Luke, Leia, and Chewbacca, to destroy its generator. Once on the moon, the team gains the trust of a tribe ofEwoks. Luke tells Leia she is his sister, and that Vader is their father. Luke surrenders to Imperial troops and is brought before Vader, but fails to convince him to reject the dark side of the Force.
Luke is brought to the Emperor, who intends to turn him to the dark side. He reveals that Luke's friends on Endor and the rebel fleet are heading into a trap. On the forest moon, Han's team is captured by Imperial forces, but the Ewoks counterattack, allowing the rebels to infiltrate the shield generator. Meanwhile,Lando Calrissian andAdmiral Ackbar lead the rebel assault on the Death Star, but find its shield still active and the Imperial fleet waiting for them.
The Emperor reveals to Luke that the Death Star is fully operational and orders the firing of its massive laser, which destroys a rebel starship. He tempts Luke to give in to his anger and embrace the dark side ofthe Force. Luke attacks him, but Vader intervenes, and the two engage in a lightsaber duel. During the battle, Vader realizes Luke has a sister, and he threatens to turn her to the dark side. Luke becomes enraged and severs Vader'sprosthetic hand. The Emperor orders Luke to kill his father, but Luke refuses. The Emperor then tortures Luke withForce lightning. Unwilling to let his son die, Vader throws the Emperor down a shaft to his demise, but is fatally wounded in the process. Before dying, Vader asks Luke to remove his mask in a moment of reconciliation.
After the rebel strike team destroys the shield generator, Lando leads fighter ships into the Death Star's core. Lando and theX-wing pilotWedge Antilles destroy the station's main reactor and escape before it explodes. Later, Luke cremates Vader's body on Endor before reuniting with his friends. As the rebels celebrate their victory, Luke sees the Force spirits of Obi-Wan, Yoda, and Anakin Skywalker standing nearby.
Toby Philpott, Mike Edmonds,David Barclay(puppeteers) and Larry A. Ward(voice) asJabba the Hutt: A slug-like alien crime lord who purchased the carbonite-frozen Han from the bounty hunter Boba Fett
Following the commercial success ofThe Empire Strikes Back, a secondStar Wars sequel was swiftly put into production.[34] As withEmpire, Lucas personally financedReturn of the Jedi, but chose not to direct the film himself.[35]Irvin Kershner, the director ofEmpire, declined to return forJedi.[36] Although Lucas' first choice for director wasSteven Spielberg, their separate feuds with theDirectors Guild of America led to Spielberg being banned from directing the film.[37] Lucas approachedDavid Lynch, who had recently been nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Director forThe Elephant Man (1980). Lynch declined, believing that Lucas should direct the film sinceStar Wars was his creation.[38][39]
George Lucas (pictured in 1986)
Lucas offeredDavid Cronenberg the chance to direct, but he turned down the offer, as he preferred to direct films he had written himself.[40][41] Lucas also consideredLamont Johnson, the director ofThe Last American Hero (1973), before finally choosingRichard Marquand.[42] Lucas was on set frequently because of Marquand's relative inexperience with special effects; Marquand joked that directingJedi was like "trying to directKing Lear – withShakespeare in the next room!"[e][35][44] Lucas praised Marquand's kindness and his ability to work with actors.[45]
The screenplay forJedi was based on a story by Lucas. The script was written by Lucas andLawrence Kasdan,[f] who allegedly told Lucas thatReturn of the Jedi was a weak title.[35] Kazanjian echoed Kasdan's concern, and the title was changed toRevenge of the Jedi soon after.[46][47] The screenplay was not finished until late inpre-production, well after aproduction schedule and a budget had been created, and after Marquand had been hired, which was unusual for a film. Instead, theproduction team relied on Lucas' story and his rough draft of the script to guide their early work. When it came time to write ashooting script, Lucas, Kasdan, Marquand and Kazanjian spent two weeks in conference discussing ideas; Kasdan used tape transcripts of these meetings to construct the script.[48]
The question of whether Harrison Ford would return forReturn of the Jedi arose during pre-production. Unlike Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher, Ford was not contracted for two sequels, andRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981) had made him an even bigger star. Kazanjian said that Han was frozen in carbonite inThe Empire Strikes Back because the filmmakers were unsure whether the character would return. He also claimed that Lucas did not expect Ford to return, and that Han was initially not in the script. However, Kazanjian—who also producedRaiders of the Lost Ark—ultimately convinced Ford to return.[49]
Ford felt that Han should die through self-sacrifice inJedi.[50] Kasdan agreed, and said it should occur near the beginning of thethird act, to make the audience wonder whether the other protagonists will survive.[35]Gary Kurtz, who producedStar Wars andEmpire but was replaced by Kazanjian forJedi, said that Han died in an early version of the script. Kurtz has suggested that one reason Lucas may have rejected the idea of Han dying was that it would not be good for merchandising.[51] Kurtz also has claimed that an early script ended with the rebel forces in tatters, Leia grappling with her new duties as a queen, and Luke walking off alone "likeClint Eastwood in thespaghetti Westerns".[52]
Yoda was originally not meant to appear in the film, but Marquand strongly felt that returning to Dagobah was essential because audiences would expect it.[48] After speaking with a children's psychologist, Lucas was concerned that young viewers might think that Darth Vader had lied about being Luke's father in the previous film, and so he inserted a scene in which Yoda confirms Vader's claim.[45] There were many other scenes that were changed during writing. At one point the Ewoks were going to be Wookiees, and theMillennium Falcon was going to land on Endor.[53] The ending of the film was going to show Obi-Wan, Yoda and Anakin Skywalker returning to life from their spectral existence in the Force.[54]
New cast members include Ian McDiarmid (left, pictured in 2020) as the Emperor, and Warwick Davis (in 2023) as Wicket the Ewok.
Alan Webb was originally cast as the Emperor, but dropped out due to illness.[55]Lindsay Anderson was offered the role, but turned it down due to scheduling conflicts.Ben Kingsley andDavid Suchet were also considered.[56][57]Alan Rickman auditioned for the role of Moff Jerjerrod, but Michael Pennington was cast instead.[57] Marquand initially wanted a famous actor such asLaurence Olivier orJohn Gielgud to play the unmasked Vader, but Lucas was concerned that such an actor would be distracting for audiences.[58] Kenny Baker was cast as Wicket the Ewok, but he fell ill with food poisoning on the day of the shoot. He was replaced by Warwick Davis, who had no film acting experience.[35][59]
Filming began on January 11, 1982, and lasted through May 20, 1982, a schedule six weeks shorter thanEmpire. Kazanjian's schedule pushed shooting as early as possible to giveIndustrial Light & Magic (ILM) as much time as possible to work on effects, which left some crew members doubtful of their ability to be fully prepared.[60] Working on a budget of $32.5 million,[61] Lucas was determined to avoid going over budget as had happened withEmpire. Kazanjian estimated that using ILM (which was owned by Lucasfilm) for special effects saved the production approximately $18 million.[61] However, the fact that Lucasfilm was a non-union company made acquiring shooting locations more difficult and more expensive, even thoughStar Wars andEmpire had been big hits.[35] The production ofJedi was given the working titleBlue Harvest with a tagline of "Horror Beyond Imagination." This disguised the production from fans and the press, and preventedprice gouging by service providers.[35]
The first stage of production spanned 78 days atElstree Studios in England, where the film occupied all nine sound stages.[60] The shoot commenced with a scene that was later cut from the film, in which the heroes get caught in a sandstorm as they leave Tatooine.[g][44][48] For therancor, Lucas wanted to use astunt performer in a suit in the style of theTohoGodzilla films. The production team made several attempts, but were unable to create an adequate result. Lucas eventually relented and made the rancor a puppet filmed at high speeds.[35]
In April, the crew moved to Arizona'sYuma Desert for two weeks of Tatooine exteriors.[44] Production then moved to northern California, where the crew shot Endor forest scenes inGrizzly Creek Redwoods State Park on private land nearSmith River.[62][63]Principal photography concluded with about ten days ofbluescreen shots at ILM inSan Rafael, California. One small post-production unit shot background matte plates for a day inDeath Valley, and aSteadicam unit shot forest backgrounds for the speeder chase on Endor.[60][64]Garrett Brown, the inventor of the Steadicam, personally filmed these shots at less than oneframe per second. By walking at about 5 mph (8 km/h) and projecting the footage at 24 frames per second, the motion seen in the film appeared as if it were moving at around 120 mph (190 km/h).[35] Vader's funeral was filmed atSkywalker Ranch.[65][66]
Marquand and Anthony Daniels clashed on set, which led Daniels to record hisdialogue with Lucas instead.[67] Fisher also disliked working with Marquand. He often yelled at her, which caused her to burst into tears on one occasion. The tears ruined her makeup so thoroughly that it took an hour to reapply it.[68]
Lucasfilm encountered problems when it tested the film in a commercial theater. Lucas and his employees could not hear many of the sound effects they had mixed. To make matters worse, the background noise in the theater muffled the majority of the film's sound, which played through the theater's normal commercial sound system. Many theaters at the time had poor room acoustics with mono sound. Lucas would later solve this problem by founding a cinema audio company,THX, and ensuring that all theaters playing his films used a sound system that THX developed.[69]
Meanwhile, special effects work at ILM quickly stretched the company to its operational limits. While the experience gained from the previous two films allowed for increased efficiency, this was offset by the desire to have the closing film raise the bar set by each of these films.[61] A compounding factor was the intention of several departments of ILM to either take on other film work or decrease staff during slow cycles. Instead, as soon as production began, the entire company found it necessary to remain running 20 hours a day on six-day weeks in order to meet its goals by April 1, 1983. In total, ILM created about 900 special effects shots forReturn of the Jedi.[60]
John Williams composed the film's musical score and performed it with theLondon Symphony Orchestra. Orchestration credits also includeThomas Newman.[70] The initial release of the film's soundtrack was on theRSO Records label in the United States. In 2004,Sony Classical Records acquired the rights to both the original trilogy scores and to the soundtracks for the prequel filmsThe Phantom Menace andAttack of the Clones. In the same year, Sony Classical re-pressed the 1997 RCA Victor release ofReturn of the Jedi along with the other two films in the trilogy. This set was released with new artwork mirroring the first DVD release of the film. Despite the digital re-mastering, which minimally improved the sound heard only on high-end stereos, the 2004 release has been described as essentially the same as the 1997 RCA Victor release.[71]
Revenge of the Jedi teaser poster with artwork byDrew Struzan
Return of the Jedi was released on May 25, 1983. It was originally slated to open on May 27, but was subsequently changed to coincide with the date of the 1977 release of the originalStar Wars film.[61] With a massive worldwide marketing campaign, illustrator Tim Reamer created the image for the theatrical poster and other advertising. At the time of its release, the film was advertised on posters and merchandise as simplyStar Wars: Return of the Jedi, despite its on-screen "Episode VI" distinction. The film was re-released in 1985.[72][73]
The originalteaser trailer for the film carried the nameRevenge of the Jedi.[74] In December 1982, Lucas decided the word "Revenge" was not appropriate because he believed a Jedi should never seek revenge. He returned the film to its original title, but by that time thousands of "Revenge" teaser posters had been printed and distributed. Lucasfilm stopped the shipping of the posters and sold the remaining stock of 6,800 posters toStar Wars fan club members for $9.50.[75][76]
Return of the Jedi showing at the University Theatre inToronto. The marquee reads, "The Smash of 83".
Return of the Jedi grossed $314.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $166 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $480 million, against a production budget of about $32.5 million.[4][5]
Return of the Jedi earned a total of $6.2 million on its opening day, beating outStar Trek II: The Wrath of Khan to have the highest single day gross in history.[77] It would hold the record for having the highest pre-Memorial Day Wednesday gross until 1996 whenMission: Impossible surpassed it.[78]Return of the Jedi made $23 million from 1,002 theaters in its opening weekend and grossed a record $45.3 million in its opening week.[79] It set a new domestic opening weekend record, surpassing the $14 million opening ofThe Wrath of Khan.[80] Its $22,973 per theatre average would stand as a record for a nationwide release on an inflation-adjusted basis for 36 years, until it was surpassed byAvengers: Endgame in 2019.[81]Return of the Jedi finished first at the box office for six of its first seven weeks of release.[5]Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 80 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[82] When the film was re-released in 1985, it grossed $11.2 million, bringing its initial theatrical gross to $385.8 million worldwide.[83] During itsre-release in 1997,Jedi grossed $16.29 million in its opening weekend.[84] When it wasre-released in 2023 for its 40th anniversary, it grossed $5.1 million, placing fourth at the weekend box office.[85]
TheChicago Sun-Times film criticRoger Ebert gaveReturn of the Jedi four out of four stars, calling it "a complete entertainment, a feast for the eyes and a delight for the fancy." He said that Lucas and his team "keep topping themselves."[86]Gene Siskel of theChicago Tribune also gave the film his highest possible rating, calling it a "childlike delight" which features "every facet of filmmaking at its best."[87] Writing inThe Washington Post, Gary Arnold calledReturn of the Jedi a "feat of mass enchantment" and "an imposing landmark in contemporary popular culture".[88]Colin Greenland ofImagine magazine stated, "You would think a series likeStar Wars, fuelled by public adoration, coasting along on the hyperdrive of its own hyperboles, would get inexorably worse. It is not. It is getting better."[89]
Sheila Benson of theLos Angeles Times wrote that the film is fully satisfying, overflows with "new inventiveness", and carries "a weight and a new maturity" without becoming any less fun than the previous films. She likened the characters inReturn of the Jedi to close friends which the viewer must leave behind as the trilogy ends.[90] Writing forTime magazine, Gerald Clarke describedJedi as better and more satisfying thanThe Empire Strikes Back, but less exciting thanStar Wars.[91][92] James Harwood ofVariety called the film a "visual treat" featuring an impressive array of creatures, but felt that Mark Hamill was not a skilled enough dramatic actor to carry the plot, and that Carrie Fisher and Billy Dee Williams did not perform as well as in previous films. He thought Harrison Ford was not given enough to do.[93]
The film received negative reviews, as well.Vincent Canby ofThe New York Times calledReturn of the Jedi the "dimmest adventure" of the trilogy.[94][95]Pauline Kael ofThe New Yorker felt the film's imagery was lackluster, and called it"an impersonal and rather junky piece of moviemaking."[96] In his review forAres magazine, Christopher John calledJedi a failure and "a cheap and tarnished crown for the series which shook the world of film when it started out".[97]
In 2021,Return of the Jedi was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registry by theLibrary of Congress for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[99][100]
In 1997, for the 20th anniversary of the release ofStar Wars, Lucasfilm released theStar Wars Trilogy: Special Edition in theaters.[101][102] All three films in the original trilogy containedchanges and additions in the Special Edition. Changes inReturn of the Jedi include the addition of several new aliens in Jabba's throne room, a different song performed in the throne room, the addition of a beak to the Sarlacc,[7][8] the insertion of various worlds celebrating the fall of the Empire, and different music during the closing scene.[103] The runtime of the Special Edition—and all subsequent releases ofReturn of the Jedi—is approximately five minutes longer than the original theatrical version.
Return of the Jedi was re-released theatrically by20th Century Studios on April 28, 2023, to commemorate the film's 40th anniversary.[104][105]
The 1997 theatrical release poster of the Special Edition version ofReturn of the Jedi
The original theatrical version ofReturn of the Jedi was released onVHS andLaserdisc several times between 1986 and 1995.[106] The Special Edition was published on VHS and Laserdisc between 1997 and 2000. Some of these releases contained featurettes. Boxed sets of all three films in the trilogy were also published.[citation needed]
In September 2004, the originalStar Wars trilogy was released in a boxed set onDVD with digital restoration and new alterations made by Lucas.[107][h]In this version ofReturn of the Jedi,Hayden Christensen was inserted into the final scene as Anakin's Force spirit, replacingSebastian Shaw; Christensen portrays Anakin inAttack of the Clones andRevenge of the Sith.[108] All three films of the trilogy were released individually on Limited Edition DVDs in 2006, with the original unaltered versions included as bonus features.[107] These were collected in a boxed set on November 4, 2008.[109]
In September 2011, all the films of the original trilogy and theprequel trilogy were released together onBlu-ray by20th Century-Fox Home Entertainment.[110] The version ofReturn of the Jedi in this set contained some new changes, including Ewoks blinking and Vader yelling "No!" as he throws the Emperor to his death, an alteration which drew sharp negative criticism.[110][111][112] Several deleted scenes from the film were included as special features, including a scene in which Vader communicates with Luke using the Force, a sandstorm sequence following the Sarlacc pit rescue,[7][8] and a scene featuring Imperial officers during the Battle of Endor.[113][110]
According to thereview aggregator websiteRotten Tomatoes, 84% of critics have given the film a positive review with an average rating of 7.30/10, based on 169 reviews from critics. The website's critics consensus reads: "Though failing to reach the cinematic heights of its predecessors,Return of the Jedi remains an entertaining sci-fi adventure and a fitting end to the classic trilogy."[118] AtMetacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 24 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[119] Audiences polled byCinemaScore gave the film a rare average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[120]
In his review of the1997 Special Edition re-release, the film critic James Kendrick calledReturn of the Jedi the weakest of the three original films, saying it depended "too much on the slick commercialism" of the franchise but that it was still "a magnificent experience in its own right".[121]James Berardinelli described it as the least enjoyable and least innovative film of the trilogy. He felt that the Special Edition was not saved by the alterations, but that it was nevertheless a "must-see" for fans as the conclusion of the trilogy.[122]
Some fans have questioned the realism of the scene inJedi in which the small Ewoks capably fight with primitive weapons against Imperial troops. Lucas has defended the scene, saying that the Ewoks' purpose was to distract the Imperial troops, and they did not really win.[123] The Ewok battle scene was inspired by theVietnam War, during which theViet Cong prevailed against the technologically superiorUnited States.[124][125]
A three-hour radio drama adaptation of the film was written byBrian Daley with additional material contributed byJohn Whitman. It was broadcast onNational Public Radio in 1996, over a decade after the radio adaptations of the first twoStar Wars films. Anthony Daniels reprised his role as C-3PO, but Mark Hamill and Billy Dee Williams were replaced by Joshua Fardon andArye Gross, respectively. Bernard Behrens andBrock Peters reprised their roles as Obi-Wan Kenobi and Darth Vader, respectively.John Lithgow voiced Yoda, andEd Begley, Jr. played Boba Fett.Ed Asner voiced Jabba the Hutt, speaking only in grunts.[127]
Lucasfilm adapted the plot of the film for a children's book-and-record set. Released in 1983, the 24-pageStar Wars: Return of the Jedi read-along book was accompanied by a33+1⁄3 rpm 18-centimetre (7 in)gramophone record. Each page of the book contained a croppedframe from the film with an abridged and condensed version of the story. The record was produced byBuena Vista Records.[134]
Sixteen years after the release ofReturn of the Jedi, Lucas wrote and directed a prequel trilogy, consisting of the filmsThe Phantom Menace,Attack of the Clones, andRevenge of the Sith. The films chronicle the history between Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker, and Anakin's fall to the darkside and transformation into Darth Vader. The prequel trilogy was financially successful, but polarized critics and fans.[i]
^As depicted inThe Empire Strikes Back (1980).Empire magazine reports that one year elapses between the plot events of that film andReturn of the Jedi.[6]
^In the original version ofReturn of the Jedi, Shaw portrays both the unmasked Anakin and the character's Force spirit. In the 2004 re-release of the film,Hayden Christensen replaces Shaw as the spirit.
^The character Sy Snootles is portrayed by a puppet, with Arbogast providing the voice. In the Special Edition version of the film, the puppet is replaced with a computer-generated Sy Snootles.[31]
^Lucas also operated the second camera a few times during filming.[43]
^The screenplay contains uncredited contributions from Marquand andDavid Peoples.
^The sandstorm scene was the only major sequence cut from the film during editing.
^The DVD features Dolby Digital 5.1 EX surround sound and commentaries by George Lucas,Ben Burtt,Dennis Muren, and Carrie Fisher. The bonus disc included documentaries includingEmpire of Dreams: The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy and several featurettes including "The Characters of Star Wars", "The Birth of the Lightsaber", and "The Legacy of Star Wars". Also included were teasers, trailers, TV spots, still galleries, and a demo forStar Wars: Battlefront.
^Pollock, Dale (1999).Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas. Da Capo. pp. 203, 225, 227, 276.ISBN0-573-60606-4.
^abcMarcus Hearn (2005). "Cliffhanging".The Cinema of George Lucas. New York City: Harry N. Abrams Inc. pp. 140–1.ISBN0-8109-4968-7.
^abStar Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi DVD commentary featuring George Lucas, Ben Burtt, Dennis Muren and Carrie Fisher.Fox Home Entertainment, 2004.
^Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith DVD commentary featuring George Lucas, Rick McCallum, Rob Coleman, John Knoll, and Roger Guyett.Fox Home Entertainment, 2005.
^Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi DVD commentary featuring George Lucas, Ben Burtt, Dennis Muren and Carrie Fisher. 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2004.
^Immerwahr, Daniel (December 31, 2022). "21 The Galactic Vietnam: Technology, Modernization, and Empire in George Lucas's Star Wars".Ideology in U.S. Foreign Relations:435–451.doi:10.7312/nich20180-022.ISBN978-0-231-55427-5.
^Edwards, Ted (1999)."Adventures in the Comics".The Unauthorized Star Wars Compendium.Little, Brown and Company. p. 87.ISBN978-0-316-32929-3.The adaptation ofReturn of the Jedi was published inMarvel Super Special #27 and in a separate miniseries, once again penciled by Al Williamson and inked by Carlos Garzon.
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