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Retjenu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ancient Egyptian name for Canaan and Syria
Blank topographic map of Western Asia.
Map of Western Asia
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Retjenu[1]
(determ.-foreign land)
inhieroglyphs

Retjenu (rṯnw; Reṯenu, Retenu), later known asKhor, was theAncient Egyptian name for the widerSyrian region, where theSemitic-speakingCanaanites lived.[2] Retjenu was located between the region north of theSinai Desert and south of theTaurus Mountains in southernAnatolia.[2] The term Retjenu was used to refer to this geographical area since theMiddle Kingdom (c. 2000–1700 BCE).[3] The geographical areas of Retjenu were defined during theNew Kingdom (c. 1550–1069 BCE) and considered to have been a collection of small states ruled by princes.[3] The boundaries of the area considered Retjenu shifted throughout time due to military, political, and economic factors.[4] Retjenu was divided into two geographical regions.Djahy the southernmost region covered the area betweenAskalon andMount Lebanon stretching inland to theSea of Galilee.[2]Amurru the northern region stretched between theLebanon andTaurus Mountains.[2] DuringThutmose III's (1479–1425 BCE) military campaigns inWest Asia, the area ofDjahy was referred to as Upper Retjenu and generally covered the area ofCanaan.[3] Lower Retjenu was used to refer to the area ofAmurru but also incorporated the cities located alongPhoenician coast.[3]

The Egyptian term "Aamu", translated as "Asiatic", was used to refer to the people originating from the Levant.[5] In theTwelfth Dynasty (1991–1802 BCE) textStory of Sinuhe, "Aamu" is applied about the people of Retjenu.[5] The term "Western Asiatic" has been used to refer to the people of Retjenu but can be used to generally refer to the lands now located in modernTurkey,Iran,Iraq,Syria,Lebanon,Jordan,Palestine,Israel, theRed Sea, and theCaucasus.[6]

References to Retjenu

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Twelfth Dynasty

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TheSebek-khu Stele, details the Egyptian military campaign of King Senusret III (1878 – 1839 BCE) in the Levant.[7]

The earliest documented occurrence of the term Retjenu occurs in the military campaign record ofKing Senusret III on theSebek-khu Stele, detailing an Egyptian victory over the people of Retjenu: "His Majesty proceeded northward to overthrow the Asiatics. His Majesty reached a foreign country of which the name wasSekmem (...) ThenSekmem fell, together with the wretched Retjenu".[7]

An amethystscarab seal featuring an inscription of a personal name, title, and the term Retjenu was discovered in the site ofTell el-Dab'a dating to theTwelfth Dynasty.[8] Thescarab seal would have been received either through trade or as a diplomatic gift from the court of Egypt'sTwelfth Dynasty.[8]

In the earlyTwelfth Dynasty textTale of Sinuhe (c. 1875 BC) Retjenu is a main setting and referenced in name multiple times as a defined geographical region and applied to the identity of the people residing in the area.[9] Retjenu referenced as a defined geographical area: "When Amunenshi carried me off. He was the ruler of upper Retjenu", "This decree of the king is brought to you to inform you that your roving though countries, going from Qedem to Retjenu" and "Without calling Retjenu to mind-it is yours, even like your hounds!".[9] The people residing in Retjenu are also referenced: "A hero of Retjenu came to provoke me in the tent; he was a peerless champion" and "When it was dawn, all Retjenu had come, having incited its tribes and gathered its neighboring countries".[9]

Victory stele of Kamose from the temple of Karnak (17th Dynasty, 1571-1569 B.C.),[10]

Seventeenth Dynasty

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The Second Stela ofKamose, the last king of theTheban17th Dynasty (c. 1580-1550 BCE), refers toApepi, aHyksosPharaoh, as a "Chieftain of Retjenu" {wr n rṯnw} implying aCanaanite background.[11]

Eighteenth Dynasty

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Within theAutobiography of Ahmose son of Abana, Retjenu is referenced in the section detailing the Syrian campaign of KingThutmose I: "After this (his majesty) proceeded to Retjenu to vent his wrath through the lands".[12]

The Poetical Stela ofThutmose III within theKarnak Temple references Retjenu in the poem section of the stela: "I came to let you tread on those of Asia, to smite the Asians' heads in Retjenu".[12]

The tomb ofRekhmire includes the "chiefs of Retjenu" in scenes depicting lines of foreigners prostrating, bowing, and carrying tribute on their backs, shoulders, or in front of them to be delivered toThutmose III.[13]

Syrians bringing presents toTuthmosis III (18th Dynasty), in the tomb ofRekhmire, circa 1450 BCE (actual painting and interpretational drawing). They are labeled "Chiefs of Retjenu".[14][15]

The tomb ofMenkheperreseneb II depicts the chiefs of Retjenu among the chiefs ofKeftiu,Hatti, andQadesh leading rows of foreigners to deliver goods as tribute toThutmose III.[13] Similar to the depiction within the tomb ofRekhmire the rows of foreigners are depicted carrying their tribute in front or behind them.[13]

The tomb of Amenemhab depicts the chiefs of foreign lands including Retjenu leading rows of foreigners to deliver tribute toThutmose III.[13] The foreigners are depicted carrying their tribute on their backs while some kneel and prostrate beforeThutmose III.[13]

The Stela ofAmenhotep III within his mortuary temple in westernThebes references Retjenu in the sectionThe Bark of Amun: "in making for [Amen-Re] a great bark upon the river, 'Amen-Re-firm-of-brow,' of new pine wood, cut by my majesty in the countries of god's land, and dragged from the mountains of Retjenu by the chiefs of all foreign lands".[16]

A relief on a wall adjacent to the Tenth Pylon in the temple ofKarnak depicts a scene ofHoremheb presenting foreigners to deities.[13] Depicted behindHoremheb are rows of bound and prostrating foreigners, among them are chiefs of Retjenu andAegean islanders who express their fear ofHoremheb.[13]

Nineteenth Dynasty

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Within the walls of hypostyle hall atKarnak the battle reliefs ofSeti I include a reference to captives brought to Egypt from Retjenu: "The great chiefs of Retjenu the vile, whom His Majesty brought away by his [victo]ries over the foreign country of Hatti in order to fill the magazine [of] his noble [father], Amun-Re".[13]

Depictions of West Asians in Egyptian reliefs

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Faulkner, Ramond O.Middle Egyptian. p. 154. Griffith Institute, Oxford, 1962.
  2. ^abcdSteindorff, George; Seele, Keith C. (2014) [1942]. "VI. Western Asia in the middle of the second millennium B.C.".When Egypt Ruled the East (revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 47.ISBN 0-226-22855-X Retrieved 17 February 2024.
  3. ^abcdVassiliev, Alexandre (2020-01-01)."Upper Retenu and Lower Retenu".Pp. 159-167 in C. Graves (Ed.), BEC 4: Proceedings of the Fourth British Egyptology Congress University of Manchester, 7–9 September 2018. London: EES.
  4. ^Martin, Geoffrey T. (1998)."The Toponym Retjenu on a Scarab from Tell el-Dabʿa".Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant.8:109–112.ISSN 1015-5104.JSTOR 23786957.
  5. ^abKamrin, Janice (2009)."The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan".Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections.1 (3):22–36.ISSN 1944-2815.
  6. ^Saretta, Phyllis (2016-01-28).Asiatics in Middle Kingdom Egypt: Perceptions and Reality. Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN 978-1-4725-0214-8.
  7. ^abPeet, Thomas Eric (1914).The Stela of Sebek-khu: The Earliest Record of an Egyptian Campaign in Asia. Sherratt & Hughes.
  8. ^abMartin, Geoffrey T. (1998). "The Toponym Retjenu on a Scarab from Tell el-Dabʿa".Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant.8: 109–112.ISSN 1015-5104.JSTOR 23786957.
  9. ^abcThe Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems, 1940-1640 BC. Oxford University Press. 1998. pp. 20–38.ISBN 978-0-19-283966-4.
  10. ^"File:Kamose Siegesstele Luxor Museum 02.jpg - Wikipedia".commons.wikimedia.org. 2019-10-17. Retrieved2024-03-18.
  11. ^Ryholt, K. S. B.; Bülow-Jacobsen, Adam (1997).The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 131.ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8
  12. ^abLichtheim, Miriam (2006).Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom (2 ed.). University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-24843-4.JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppr00.
  13. ^abcdefghDavies, Vanessa (2012)."The Treatment of Foreigners in Seti's Battle Reliefs".The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology.98:73–85.doi:10.1177/030751331209800105.ISSN 0307-5133.JSTOR 24645004.
  14. ^"The foreigners of the fourth register, with long hairstyles and calf-length fringed robes, are labeled Chiefs of Retjenu, the ancient name tor the Syrian region. Like the Nubians, they come with animals, in this case horses, an elephant, and a bear; they also offer weapons and vessels most likely filled with precious substance." inHawass, Zahi A.; Vannini, Sandro (2009).The lost tombs of Thebes: life in paradise. Thames & Hudson. p. 120.ISBN 9780500051597.
  15. ^Zakrzewski, Sonia; Shortland, Andrew; Rowland, Joanne (2015).Science in the Study of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 268.ISBN 978-1-317-39195-1.
  16. ^Lichtheim, Miriam (2006).Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom (2 ed.). University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-24843-4.JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppr00.
  17. ^"Tomb-painting British Museum".The British Museum.
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