Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

Resource

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Source or supply from which benefit is produced

For other uses, seeResource (disambiguation).

Resource refers to all the materials available in our environment which aretechnologically accessible,economically feasible andculturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. Resources can broadly be classified according to their availability asrenewable or national and international resources. An item may become a resource with technology. The benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced well. From a human perspective, a regular resource is anything to satisfy human needs and wants.^[1]^[2]

The concept of resources has been developed across many established areas of work, ineconomics,biology andecology,computer science,management, andhuman resources for example - linked to the concepts ofcompetition,sustainability,conservation, andstewardship. In application within humansociety,commercial or non-commercial factors requireresource allocation throughresource management.

The concept of resources can also be tied to the direction ofleadership over resources; this may include human resources issues, for which leaders are responsible, in managing, supporting, or directing those matters and the resulting necessary actions. For example, in the cases ofprofessional groups,innovative leaders andtechnical experts inarchiving expertise,academic management, association management,business management,healthcare management,military management,public administration,spiritual leadership andsocial networking administration.

Definition of size asymmetry

[edit]

Resource competition can vary from completely symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size, known also asscramble competition) to perfectly size symmetric (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size asymmetric (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource).

Economic versus biological

[edit]

There are three fundamental differences between economic versus ecological views: 1) the economic resource definition is human-centered (anthropocentric) and the biological or ecological resource definition is nature-centered (biocentric orecocentric); 2) the economic view includes desire along with necessity, whereas the biological view is about basic biological needs; and 3) economic systems are based on markets of currency exchanged for goods and services, whereas biological systems are based on natural processes of growth, maintenance, and reproduction.^[1]

Computer resources

[edit]

Main article:Resource (computer science)

Acomputer resource is any physical or virtual component of limited availability within acomputer orinformation management system. Computer resources include means for input, processing, output, communication, and storage.^[3]

Natural

[edit]

Main article:Natural resource

Underground water, a natural resource, seen here coming out of a pipe inHimachal Pradesh, India

Natural resources are derived from theenvironment. Many natural resources are essential for human survival, while others are used to satisfy human desire. Conservation is the management ofnatural resources with the goal ofsustainability. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways.^[1]

Resources can be categorized based on origin:

Abiotic resources comprise non-living things (e.g.,land,water,air, andminerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver).
Biotic resources are obtained from thebiosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products,fish and other marine organisms are important examples.Minerals such as coal andpetroleum are sometimes included in this category because they were formed from fossilized organic matter, over long periods.

Natural resources are also categorized based on the stage of development:

Potential resources are known to exist and may be used in the future. For example,petroleum may exist in many parts of India and Kuwait that have sedimentary rocks, but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource.
Actual resources are those, that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined, and are being used in present times. For example, petroleum and natural gas are actively being obtained from the Mumbai High Fields. The development of an actual resource, such aswood processing depends on the technology available and thecost involved. That part of the actual resource that can be developed profitably with the available technology is known as a reserve resource, while that part that can not be developed profitably due to a lack of technology is known as a stock resource.

Various fossil fuels, a nonrenewable resource - oil, coal, and natural gas

Natural resources can be categorized based on renewability:

Non-renewable resources are formed over very longgeological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their formation rate is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished, once they aredepleted. Even though metals can be recycled and reused, whereas petroleum and gas cannot, they are still considered non-renewable resources.
Renewable resources, such as forests and fisheries, can be replenished or reproduced relatively quickly. The highest rate at which a resource can be used sustainably is thesustainable yield. Some resources, such as sunlight, air, and wind, are called perpetual resources because they are available continuously, though at a limited rate. Human consumption does not affect their quantity. Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these, such as crops, take a short time for renewal; others, such as water, take a comparatively longer time, while others, such as forests, need even longer periods.

Depending upon the speed and quantity of consumption, overconsumption can lead to depletion or the total and everlasting destruction of a resource. Important examples are agricultural areas, fish and other animals, forests, healthy water and soil, cultivated and natural landscapes. Such conditionally renewable resources are sometimes classified as a third kind of resource or as a subtype of renewable resources. Conditionally renewable resources are presently subject to excess human consumption and the only sustainable long-term use of such resources is within the so-calledzero ecological footprint, where humans use less than the Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate.

Natural resources are also categorized based on distribution:

Ubiquitous resources are found everywhere (for example, air, light, and water).
Localized resources are found only in certain parts of the world (for example metal ores and geothermal power).

Actual vs. potential natural resources are distinguished as follows:

Actual resources are those resources whose location and quantity are known and we have the technology to exploit and use them.
Potential resources are those of which we have insufficient knowledge or do not have the technology to exploit them at present.

Based on ownership, resources can be classified as individual, community, national, and international.

Labour or human resources

[edit]

In economics, labor orhuman resources refers to the human work in the production of goods and rendering of services. Human resources can be defined in terms of skills, energy, talent, abilities, or knowledge.^[4]

In aproject management context, human resources are those employees responsible for undertaking the activities defined in the project plan.^[5]

Capital or infrastructure

[edit]

Ineconomics,capital goods orcapital are "those durable produced goods that are in turn used asproductive inputs for further production" of goods and services.^[6] A typical example is the machinery used in afactory. At themacroeconomic level, "the nation'scapital stock includes buildings, equipment, software, and inventories during a given year."^[7] Capitals are the most important economic resource.

Tangible versus intangible

[edit]

Whereas, tangible resources such as equipment have an actual physical existence, intangible resources such as corporate images, brands and patents, and other intellectual properties exist in abstraction.^[8]

Use and sustainable development

[edit]

Typically resources cannot be consumed in their original form, but rather throughresource development they must be processed into more usable commodities and usable things. The demand for resources is increasing as economies develop. There are marked differences in resource distribution and associatedeconomic inequality between regions or countries, with developed countries using more natural resources than developing countries.Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving theenvironment.^[1] Sustainable development means that we should exploit our resources carefully to meet our present requirement without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The practice of the three R's – reduce, reuse, and recycle must be followed to save and extend the availability of resources.

Various problems are related to the usage of resources:

Various benefits can result from the wise usage of resources:

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^dWanaGopa - NyawakanMiller, G.T. & S. Spoolman (2011).Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions (17th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks-Cole.ISBN 978-0-538-73534-6.
^Ricklefs, R.E. (2005).The Economy of Nature (6th ed.). New York, NY: WH Freeman.ISBN 0-7167-8697-4.
^Morley, D. 2010. Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 13th ed. Course Technology, Stamford, CT.ISBN 0-538-74810-9.
^Samuelson, P.A. and W.D. Nordhaus. 2004. Economics, 18th ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Boston, MA.ISBN 0-07-287205-5.
^Hut, PM (2008-09-07)."Getting and Estimating Resource Requirements - People". Pmhut.com. Retrieved2012-01-02.
^Samuelson, Paul A., andNordhaus, William D. (2001), 17th ed.Economics, p. 270. McGraw-Hill.
^Samuelson, Paul A., and Nordhaus, William D.(2001), 17th ed.Economics, p. 442. McGraw-Hill.
^Berry, John. 2004.Tangible Strategies for Intangible Assets. McGraw-Hill.ISBN 978-0071412865.

External links

[edit]

The dictionary definition ofresource at Wiktionary

Natural resources

Air

Pollution / quality	Ambient standards(US) Index Indoor Law Clean Air Act(US) Ozone depletion
Emissions	Airshed Trading Deforestation (REDD)

Types / location	Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation huerta Marine Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Sewage reclaimed water Watershed
Aspects	Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation improved Scarcity Security Supply Efficiency Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources improved policy

Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting good Natural heritage Nature reserve remnant natural area Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness
Resource	Common-pool Conflict(perpetuation) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable
Politics	Oil war Petrostate Resource war