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Resident Commissioner of the Philippines

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Representative of the Philippines to the US Congress (1907–1946)

Resident Commissioner of the Philippine Islands

Carlos P. Romulo LastResident Commissioner of the Philippines
United States House of Representatives
Seat	Philippines
Formation	November 22, 1907
First holder	Benito Legarda Pablo Ocampo
Final holder	Carlos P. Romulo
Abolished	July 4, 1946

Theresident commissioner of the Philippine Islands to the United States (Spanish:Comisario Residente de las Islas Filipinas a Estados Unidos) was anon-voting member of theUnited States House of Representatives sent by thePhilippines from 1907 until itsinternationally recognized independence in 1946. It was similar to current non-voting members of Congress such as theresident commissioner of Puerto Rico and delegates fromWashington, D.C.,Guam, theNorthern Mariana Islands and otherterritories of the United States.

Like current non-voting members, resident commissioners could speak and otherwise participate in the business of the House, but did not have full voting rights. Two resident commissioners were sent until 1937, when after the establishment of theCommonwealth of the Philippines, the number was changed to one.^[1]

History

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Philippine CommissionerJ.M. Elizalde with future Philippine presidentSergio Osmena andJohn W. Hausermann, (aRepublican Party leader and goldmine owner in the Philippines), in 1938 or 1939, Library of Congress

The Philippines was aUnited States territory from 13 August 1898 untilPhilippine independence was internationally recognized on 4 July 1946.

The office was first created by thePhilippine Organic Act of 1902, section 8 and re-authorized on its subsequent replacements—theJones Law of 1916 (known as the Philippine Autonomy Act) section 20, and theTydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 (known as the Philippine Independence Act) section 7(5).

Election

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The procedures for appointment of the resident commissioners were ambiguous and a source of friction.^[2] Under thePhilippine Organic Act of 1902, the two resident commissioners were to be elected by thePhilippine Legislature, with each chamber (the entirely-appointed, American-majorityPhilippine Commission and the fully-elected and all-FilipinoPhilippine Assembly) voting separately. The resident commissioners were to be elected biennially from the time of the first meeting of thePhilippine Legislature in 1907.Benito Legarda andPablo Ocampo became the first two resident commissioners.

Upon the passage of theJones Law in 1916, the resident commissioners were still selected in the same way, but by this time now had three-year terms.Jaime C. de Veyra andTeodoro R. Yangco were the first resident commissioners under the Jones Law.

TheTydings–McDuffie Act of 1934 reduced the number of resident commissioners to one, and ordered the enactment of a new constitution. Upon the passage of the 1935 Constitution, it tasked theNational Assembly (the successor of the Philippine Legislature) to legislate how the resident commissioner shall be selected. The National Assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No. 10 late in 1935, which stated how the next resident commissioner shall be selected; it stated that the resident commissioner would now be appointed by the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with the consent of theCommission on Appointments. and that the resident commissioner holds office at thepleasure of the president, therefore there was no fixed term.

The two resident commissioners serving under the Jones Law,Pedro Guevara andFrancisco Afan Delgado, were replaced when PresidentManuel L. Quezon appointedQuintin Paredes as their successor in February 1936.

The resident commissioner was never elected viadirect election unlike itsPuerto Rican counterpart.

List of resident commissioners

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Insular government era: 1907–1936

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Main article:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands

Seat A			Years	U.S. Congress	Philippine Legislature	Seat B
Resident commissioner	Party	Electoral history	Years	U.S. Congress	Philippine Legislature	Resident commissioner	Party	Electoral history
Benito Legarda (Manila)	Federalista (Republican)	Elected in 1907. Re-elected in 1909. Retired in 1912.	November 22, 1907 – March 3, 1909	60th	1st	Pablo Ocampo (Manila)	Democratic	Elected in 1907. Retired in 1909 to run in thePhilippine Assembly.
			March 4, 1909 – November 22, 1909	61st	1st
			March 4, 1909 – November 22, 1909		2nd
			November 23, 1909 – March 3, 1912			Manuel L. Quezon (Tayabas)	Nacionalista	Elected in 1909. Re-elected in 1912. Retired in 1916 to run in thePhilippine Senate.
			November 23, 1909 – March 3, 1912	62nd
			March 4, 1912 – March 3, 1913
Vacant			March 4, 1912 – March 3, 1913		3rd
Manuel Earnshaw (Manila)	Nonpartisan	Elected in 1913. Retired in 1916.	March 4, 1913 – March 3, 1915	63rd
Manuel Earnshaw (Manila)	Nonpartisan	Elected in 1913. Retired in 1916.	March 4, 1915 – October 15, 1916	64th
Jaime C. de Veyra (Manila)	Nacionalista	Elected in 1917. Re-elected in 1920. Retired in 1923.	March 4, 1915 – October 15, 1916		4th
			October 16, 1916 – March 3, 1917			Vacant
			March 4, 1917 – March 3, 1919	65th		Teodoro R. Yangco (Zambales)	Nonpartisan	Elected in 1917. Retired in 1920.
			March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1920	66th		Teodoro R. Yangco (Zambales)	Nonpartisan	Elected in 1917. Retired in 1920.
			March 4, 1919 – March 3, 1920		5th	Isauro Gabaldón (Nueva Ecija)	Nacionalista	Elected in 1920. Re-elected in 1923. Re-elected in 1926. Resigned in 1928 to run in the Philippine House of Representatives.
			March 4, 1920 – March 3, 1921
			March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1923	67th
			March 4, 1921 – March 3, 1923	67th	6th
Pedro Guevara (Santa Cruz)	Nacionalista	Elected in 1923. Re-elected in 1926. Re-elected in 1929. Re-elected in 1932. Retired in 1936 after change of form of government.	March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1925	68th
			March 4, 1925 – March 3, 1927	69th
			March 4, 1925 – March 3, 1927	69th	7th
			March 4, 1927 – July 16, 1928	70th	7th
			July 16, 1928 – March 3, 1929	70th	8th	Vacant
			March 4, 1929 – March 3, 1931	71st		Camilo Osías (Balaoan)	Nacionalista	Elected in 1929. Re-elected in 1932. Retired in 1934 to run in thePhilippine Senate.
			March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933	72nd
			March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933	72nd	9th
			March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935	73rd	9th
			March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1935	73rd	10th
			January 3, 1935 – February 14, 1936	74th	10th	Francisco Afan Delgado (Bulacan)	Nacionalista	Elected in 1934. Retired in 1936 after change of form of government.

Commonwealth era: 1936–1946

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Main article:Commonwealth of the Philippines

Resident commissioner	Party	Years	U.S. Congress	Philippine president	Appointive history
Quintín Paredes (Bangued)	Nacionalista	February 14, 1936 –September 29, 1938	74th 75th	Manuel L. Quezon	Appointed in 1936. Resigned in 1938 to run in thePhilippine National Assembly.
Joaquín Miguel Elizalde (Manila)	Nonpartisan	September 29, 1938 –August 9, 1944	76th 77th 78th	Manuel L. Quezon	Appointed in 1938. Resigned in 1944.
Joaquín Miguel Elizalde (Manila)	Nonpartisan	September 29, 1938 –August 9, 1944	76th 77th 78th	Sergio Osmeña	Appointed in 1938. Resigned in 1944.
Carlos P. Romulo (Manila)	Nacionalista	August 10, 1944 – July 4, 1946	78th 79th		Appointed in 1944. Office eliminated when the United Statesrecognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines in 1946.
Carlos P. Romulo (Manila)	Liberal	August 10, 1944 – July 4, 1946	78th 79th

Philippines's at-large congressional district

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Philippines's at-large congressional district
Obsolete district
Location of the Philippines (dark green) in the Asia-Pacific region
Created	1907, as a Resident Commissioner was granted by Congress
Eliminated	1946, as a result of independence of the Philippines
Years active	1907–1946

The resident commissioner represented the Philippines in theUnited States Congress.

References

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^Dorothy B. Fujita-Rony (2003).American Workers, Colonial Power. University of California Press.ISBN 0-520-23095-7.
^Kramer, Paul Alexander (2006).The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, & the Philippines.University of North Carolina Press. p. 325.ISBN 9780807856536.

External links

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"PI Resident Commissioner - History".www.ourcampaigns.com. RetrievedAugust 28, 2020.

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