Republic of Kosova Republika e Kosovës | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991–2000 | |||||||||
| Anthem: Himni i Flamurit "Hymn to the Flag" | |||||||||
 Location of the Republic of Kosova in relation to theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia (1999) | |||||||||
| Capital | Pristina 42°39′48″N21°9′44″E / 42.66333°N 21.16222°E /42.66333; 21.16222 | ||||||||
| Common languages | Albanian (official) | ||||||||
| Demonym | Kosovar orKosovan | ||||||||
| Government | Unitarysemi-presidential republic | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1992–2000 | Ibrahim Rugova | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1991–1991 | Jusuf Zejnullahu | ||||||||
• 1991–1999 | Bujar Bukoshi | ||||||||
• 1999–2000 | Hashim Thaçi | ||||||||
| Historical era | Yugoslav Wars | ||||||||
• Declared | 22 September 1991 | ||||||||
| 26–30 September 1991 | |||||||||
| 24 May 1992 | |||||||||
| 1995–1998 | |||||||||
| 1998–1999 | |||||||||
| 9 June 1999 | |||||||||
| 10 June 1999 | |||||||||
• JIAS recognized | 31 January 2000 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• 1995 | 2,100,000 | ||||||||
| Currency | Yugoslav dinar Deutsche Mark | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | XK | ||||||||
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Contemporary
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TheRepublic of Kosova (Albanian:Republika e Kosovës), also known as theFirst Republic of Kosova (Albanian:Republika e Parë e Kosovës), was a self-declaredproto-state inSoutheast Europe established in 1991.[1] During its peak, it tried to establish its own parallel political institutions in opposition to the institutions of theAutonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija held byYugoslavia'sRepublic of Serbia.
Late in June 1990, Ethnic Albanian members of the provincial assembly proposed a vote on whether to form a republic; the ethnic Serb president of the assembly immediately shut it down and promised to reopen the assembly on 2 July, which was later postponed.
On 2 July, the vast majority of Ethnic Albanian members of the provincial assembly returned to the assembly building, but it had been locked; so in the street outside they voted to declare Kosovo a Republic within the Yugoslav federation.[2] The Serbian government responded by dissolving the assembly and the government of Kosovo, removing any remaining autonomy. The Serb government then passed another law on labour relations which dismissed 80,000 Ethnic Albanian workers.[3]
Ethnic Albanian members of the now officially dissolved Kosovo assembly met in secret inKaçanik on 7 September and declared the "Republic of Kosova" in which laws from Yugoslavia would only be valid if compatible with the Republic's constitution. The assembly went on to declare the "Republic of Kosova" an independent state on 22 September 1991.[4] This declaration was endorsed by 99% of voters in anreferendum held a few days later.[5] The Republic of Kosova received diplomatic recognition from Albania.[1] Serb authorities rejected the election results, and tried to capture and prosecute those who had voted.[6] In 1995, thousands of Serb refugees fromCroatia were settled in Kosovo, which further worsened relations between the two communities.[7]
Kosovo Albanians organized a resistance movement, creating a number ofparallel structures in education, medical care, and taxation.[8] New schools opened, with houses being turned into facilities for schools, including high schools and universities. During parallel elections, new leaders were elected, forming a new country within a country. Because of the repression, the new government had its seat in exile. There was a parallel football league, following all the sports men and women being expelled from the stadiums and sports facilities.[9][10]
From 1995 onwards, tensions in the region escalated leading to theKosovo War which began in February 1998,[11][12][13] fought between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and theKosovo Liberation Army (KLA) guerrilla force.[14] The KLA-led campaign continued into January 1999 and was brought to the attention of the world media by theRačak massacre, the mass killing of about 45 Albanians (Including 9 KLA insurgents)[15] by Serbian security forces.[16] An international conference was held inRambouillet,France later that spring and resulted in a proposed peace agreement, called theRambouillet Agreement, which was accepted by the ethnic Albanian side but rejected by the Yugoslav government.[17]
The failure of the talks at Rambouillet resulted in aNATO air campaign against theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia lasting from 24 March to 10 June[18] when the Yugoslav authorities signed a military technical agreement. NATO-led international peacekeepers established theKosovo Force (KFOR) and an international civilian mission was established by the name of theUnited Nations Interim Administration Mission (UNMIK),[19][20] which entered Kosovo on 12 June 1999.[21]
The United Nationsassumed control of Kosovo in June 1999. AJoint Interim Administrative Structure was established to allow Kosovo political and community leaders to be represented in decisions in January 2000. The KLA was disbanded and replaced by theKosovo Protection Corps, a lightly armed civilian emergency response organization.[22] On 31 January 2000, the interim administration in Kosovo was recognized, officially ending the Republic of Kosova.[23]
The system of governance in the Republic of Kosova was described in aconstitution adopted inKaçanik on 7 September 1990.[24]
The flag used by the Republic of Kosova was very similar to theflag of Albania, depicting a variant of the emblem on the same colored background.[25] The national emblem of the Republic of Kosova was a double headed eagle,[26] which was depicted on the presidential seal.
The president of the Republic of Kosova was elected on24 May 1992.
Political parties: LDK
| No. | Portrait | Name | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Party | Election | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ![Ibrahim Rugova[23]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aDr._Ibrahim_Rugova_(cropped).jpg) | Ibrahim Rugova[23] (1944–2006) .svg) | 25 January 1992 | 1 February 2000 | 8 years, 7 days | LDK | 1992 | |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
| 1 | ![Jusuf Zejnullahu[23]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aKosovo_politic_personality_icon.svg){kind=icon} | Jusuf Zejnullahu[23] (born 1944) .svg) | 7 September 1990 | 5 October 1991 | 1 year, 28 days | LDK |
| 2 | ![Bujar Bukoshi[23]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBujar_Bukoshi.jpg) | Bujar Bukoshi[23] (1947–2025) .svg) | 5 October 1991 | 1 February 2000 | 8 years, 119 days | LDK |
| — | ![Hashim Thaçi[23]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aHashim_Thaci_detail%2c_080718-D-9880W-015.jpg) | Hashim Thaçi[23] (born 1968) .svg) Provisional Prime Minister In opposition | 2 April 1999 | 1 February 2000 | 305 days | PDK |
| Position | Name | Period | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Defence Minister | Hajzer Hajzeraj | 1991–1993 |
| Assumed office | Prime Minister | Composition | Cabinet | Election |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 September 1990 | Jusuf Zejnullahu | Zejnullahu | ||
| 19 October 1991 | Bujar Bukoshi | Bukoshi | 1992 | |
| 2 April 1999 | Hashim Thaçi | UÇK,LBD,LDK,LKÇK,PBD,PSHDK,SDA,UPSUP | Thaçi I |
The Assembly of the Republic of Kosova was elected on24 May 1992.
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic League of Kosovo | 574,755 | 83.30 | 96 | |
| Parliamentary Party of Kosovo | 36,549 | 5.30 | 14 | |
| Peasant Party of Kosovo | 23,682 | 3.43 | 7 | |
| Albanian Christian Democratic Party of Kosovo | 23,303 | 3.38 | 7 | |
| Party of Democratic Action | 6,961 | 1.01 | 1 | |
| Independents | 24,702 | 3.58 | 2 | |
| Total | 689,952 | 100.00 | 127 | |
| Source:Source | ||||
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political party | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
| Act. | | Bujar Gjurgjeala (1946–2018) | 2 July 1990 | 7 September 1990 | 67 days | Independent |
| 1 | | Ilaz Ramajli (born 1951) | 7 September 1990 | 25 May 1992 | 1 year, 261 days | Democratic League |
| Vacant[a] | 25 May 1992 | 10 December 2001 | 9 years, 199 days | ||
The Republic of Kosova was recognised as an independent state by:
ABasketball Federation of Kosovo was established in 1991 and anOlympic Committee of Kosovo was established in 1992.[27]
In January 1993, theFootball Federation of Kosovo signed a cooperation agreement with theAlbanian Football Association and ateam representing Kosovo played afriendly match againstAlbania in February 1993.[28]
v
Kosovo| 14 February 1993 (1993-02-14)Friendly | Albania | 3–1 | Kosovo | Tirana, Albania |
Abazi 38'Seferi 39' (o.g.)Fortuzi 42' | Report | Munishi 72' | Stadium:Selman Stërmasi Stadium Attendance: 14,000 Referee: Bujar Pregja (Albania) |
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