Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Република Босна и Херцеговина, Republika Bosna i Hercegovina (Serbo-Croatian) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992–1995 | |||||||||||
| Anthem: Jedna si jedina | |||||||||||
 | |||||||||||
| Status | Formersovereign state that claimed the entire territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina[a] | ||||||||||
| Capital | Sarajevo | ||||||||||
| Official languages | Serbo-Croatian[1] | ||||||||||
| Religion | Secular state | ||||||||||
| Demonym | Bosnian | ||||||||||
| Government | Unitarydominant-partyparliamentary republic | ||||||||||
| Chairman of the Presidency | |||||||||||
• 1992–1996 | Alija Izetbegović | ||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||
• 1992 | Jure Pelivan | ||||||||||
• 1992–1993 | Mile Akmadžić | ||||||||||
• 1993–1996 | Haris Silajdžić | ||||||||||
• 1996–1997 | Hasan Muratović | ||||||||||
| Legislature | National Assembly | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Breakup of Yugoslavia | ||||||||||
| 1 March 1992 | |||||||||||
| 3 March 1992 | |||||||||||
| 6 April 1992 | |||||||||||
| 18 October 1992 | |||||||||||
| 18 March 1994 | |||||||||||
| 14 December 1995 | |||||||||||
| Currency | BH Dinar | ||||||||||
| Calling code | +387 | ||||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | BA | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
TheRepublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian:Republika Bosna i Hercegovina /Република Босна и Херцеговина) was a state inSoutheastern Europe, existing from 1992 to 1995. It is the direct legal predecessor to the modern-day state ofBosnia and Herzegovina.[2]
Bosnia and Herzegovinaseceded from thedisintegratingSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992. TheBosnian War broke out soon after its Declaration of Independence and lasted for 3 years. Leaders from two of the three main ethnicities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely theSerbs and theCroats, separately established their separatist quasi-states ofRepublika Srpska and theCroatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, respectively, which were unrecognized by the Bosnian state and international governments.[3] With the majority of Bosnian Serbs and Croats opting for their respective separatist states, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in reality came to be primarily supported byBosniaks, while formally the presidency and government of the republic was still composed of Serbs and Croats along with Bosniaks and thus had a multi-ethnic character.[4][5][6]
Under theWashington Agreement of 1994, however, Bosniaks were joined by Herzeg-Bosnia, in support for the Republic by the formation of theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a sub-state joint entity. In 1995, the Dayton Peace Accords joined the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the Serb entity,Republika Srpska, from that point onward recognized formally as a political sub-state entity without a right of secession, into the state ofBosnia and Herzegovina.[3][5][7]
The prefix Republic was removed following the co-signing of the Annex 4 of the Dayton Agreement, containing theconstitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, on 14 December 1995.
The1990 Bosnian general election led to a national assembly dominated by three ethnically based parties, which had formed a loose coalition to oust the communists from power. Croatia and Slovenia's subsequent declarations of independence and the warfare that ensued placed Bosnia and Herzegovina and its three constituent peoples in an awkward position. A significant split soon developed on the issue of whether to stay with the Yugoslav federation, overwhelmingly favored among Serbs, or seek independence, more favored among Bosniaks and Croats. A declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 was followed by areferendum for independence from Yugoslavia in February and March 1992. The referendum was boycotted by the great majority of Bosnian Serbs, so with a voter turnout of 64%, 99% of which voted in favor of the proposal, Bosnia and Herzegovina became a sovereign state.[8]
While the first casualty of the war is debated, significant Serb offensives began in March 1992 in Eastern and Northern Bosnia. Following a tense period of escalating tensions and sporadic military incidents, open warfare began in Sarajevo on 6 April.[8]
International recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina meant that theYugoslav People's Army (JNA) officially withdrew from the republic's territory, although their Bosnian Serb members merely joined theArmy of Republika Srpska. Armed and equipped from JNA stockpiles in Bosnia, supported by volunteers, Republika Srpska's offensives in 1992 managed to place much of the country under its control.[8] By 1993, when theCroat–Bosniak War erupted between the Sarajevo government and theCroatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, about 70% of the country was controlled by the Serbs.[9]
In 1993 the authorities in Sarajevo adopted a new language law (Službeni list Republike Bosne i Hercegovine, 18/93): "In the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Ijekavian standard literary language of the three constitutive nations is officially used, designated by one of the three terms: Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian."[10]
In March 1994, the signing of the Washington accords between the Bosniak and ethnic-Croatian leaders led to the creation of a joint Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This, along with international outrage atSerb war crimes and atrocities, most notably theSrebrenica genocide of over 8,000 people in July 1995,[11] helped turn the tide of war. The signing of theDayton Agreement in Paris byAlija Izetbegović,Franjo Tuđman andSlobodan Milošević brought a halt to the fighting, roughly establishing the basic structure of the present-day state. The three years of war and bloodshed had left between 95,000 and 100,000 people dead (mostly Bosniaks), and more than 2 million displaced.[12]
Bosnia and Herzegovina had more demographic variety than most other European countries. According to the 1991 census Bosnia and Herzegovina had 4,364,649 inhabitants. The four largest named nationalities wereBosniaks (1,905,274 inhabitants, or 43.65%),Serbs (1,369,883 inhabitants, or 31.39%),Croats (755,883 inhabitants, or 17.32%), andYugoslavs (239,857 inhabitants, or 5.5%).[13]
In October 1992, a limited number of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovinapassports were printed and available to its citizens.[14] The document allowed the holders to enter and leave thenewly formed country legally as well as other nations traveled to.
The Republic's official documents and passports were valid until the end of 1997 when the implementation of theDayton Agreement commenced the modern-day state ofBosnia and Herzegovina. The RBiH passports were replaced by theBosnia and Herzegovina passport and theBosnia and Herzegovina identity card.
.jpg)
During theBosnian War, schooling continued primarily in major cities. In besieged Sarajevo, schools operated in dispersed basement classrooms in neighborhoods across the capital city, under the constant threat of enemy guns and mortar fire.[15] Depending on the part of the country, teaching staff needed to adjust to the war circumstances, and classrooms were often held in houses and hallways. In some places, the school buildings were even turned into refugee camps, hospitals or military headquarters.
For the 1992–93 school year, the subjects andcurriculum were closely linked to those from theSocialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina period. However, education during the war had many shortcomings, such as an unstable infrastructure, a lack of teachers, and a severe lack of textbooks.[16]
The names of many schools in Sarajevo were changed during the RBiH period and remain so in present-day Bosnia. TheIdeology ofsocialist Yugoslavia and achievements of theNational Liberation Struggle altered many school names, especially those named after predominantly non-Bosniak historical figures. Only 3 schools from roughly sixty in the capital were changed.[17]
TheArmy of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) were the armed forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ARBiH was established on 15 April 1992, and most of the structure is transferred from the former Territorial Defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Army after the Dayton Agreement was defined as the Bosniak component of theArmy of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and after defense, reforms transformed into the Bosnian rangers, one of the three brigades of theArmed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Following the introduction of the Bosniandinar and replacement of theYugoslav dinar, the Bosnian dinar was in circulation in most of the territory controlled by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The areas underCroatian control used theCroatian dinar and alsokuna, and the Bosnia and Herzegovina territory held by Serb forces, proclaimedRepublika Srpska,dinar was also introduced as a means of payment. Shortly after the introduction of the dinar, theDeutsche Mark was preferred as the new means of payment in the Bosniak and Croat dominated RBiH. In present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina the currency is theconvertible mark which replaced the dinar and Deutsche Mark, but many shops and gas stations acceptEuro as a currency in practice.
The country produced its firststamps since independence in 1993 under the command of the Sarajevo government and began inscribing them asRepublika Bosna i Hercegovina.[18] Prior to 1993, newly formed Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina used SFR Yugoslav stamps,overprinted toSovereign Bosnia and Herzegovina over the face of stamp. Territories that were not under government control, such asHerzeg-Bosnia[19] andRepublika Srpska,[20] issued own stamps.
Some prominent sporting achievements of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1997):
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
U Republici Bosni i Hercegovini u službenoj upotrebi je srpskohrvatski odnosno hrvatskosrpski jezik ijekavskog izgovora.
| History of Sarajevo | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Municipalities |
| ||||||||
| Neighborhoods | |||||||||
| Buildings and landmarks |
| ||||||||
| Places of worship |
| ||||||||
| Culture |
| ||||||||
| Galleries and museums |
| ||||||||
| Education |
| ||||||||
| Sports venues |
| ||||||||
| Transport | |||||||||
| Streets and squares |
| ||||||||
| Events |
| ||||||||
| Media | |||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
43°52′01″N18°25′01″E / 43.8670°N 18.4170°E /43.8670; 18.4170
.svg)
.svg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
