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Republic Day

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
National Festival of several countries commemorating their establishment as republics

TheFrecce Tricolori, with the smoke trail representing thenational colours of Italy, above theVictor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome during the celebrations of theFesta della Repubblica in Italy, June 2, 2022
Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor in India, February 11, 2011.

Republic Day is the name of aholiday in several countries to commemorate the day when they becamerepublics.

List

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Legend
  Ceased to be republic
  Transition during or followingWorld War I (1914–1923)
  Transition during or followingWorld War II (1939–1950)
  Transition in pre or post world war era
CountryDate of
transition
Remarks
Netherlands26 July 1581TheRepublic of the Seven United Netherlands declared its independence fromKing Philip II of Spain on 26 July 1581 with theAct of Abjuration, and became theBatavian Republic in 1795. TheKingdom of Holland was formed on 5 June 1806.
Switzerland24 October 1648Switzerland became independent from theHoly Roman Empire by theTreaty of Westphalia
England19 May 1649TheCommonwealth of England, later known asthe Protectorate, wasestablished on 19 May 1649 following the execution ofKing Charles I. At its height, it ruled over all theBritish Isles. Themonarchy was restored on 29 May 1660.
United States4 July 1776Wentde facto independent from Great Britain with adoption of theUnited States Declaration of Independence
Paraguay15 May 1811Independence from Spain[dubiousdiscuss]
Argentina9 July 1816Independence won from the Spanish Empire. Republican governments were established from 1811 onwards. Republican constitutions of 1819 and 1826 led to the adoption of the 1853 text
Chile12 February 1818Independence was declared by the Spanish Empire. Between 1810 and 1814 there were Republican governments although nominally remained loyal to the Spanish monarchy. In 1817 there was re-established the independentist government and established a republican system in different constitutional texts.
Venezuela15 August 1819Venezuelan constitution of 1819 adopted
Colombia17 December 1819Republic ofColombia declared duringCongress of Angostura
Panama
Ecuador24 May 1822Incorporated into Republic ofColombia, end ofRoyal Audiencia of Quito
Costa Rica1 July 1823Independence ofUnited Provinces of Central America
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Peru9 December 1824Treaty signed afterBattle of Ayacucho
Bolivia6 August 1825Constitutional Congress declared Bolivia a republic
Uruguay4 October 1828Ratification ofTreaty of Montevideo
Liberia26 July 1847Independent Republic of Liberia created
Haiti15 January 1859Abdication ofEmperor Faustin
Dominican Republic25 March 1865Adoption of new constitution near end ofDominican Restoration War
Mexico15 July 1867Emperor Maxmilian executed; Federal Republic officially restored
France4 September 1870EmperorNapoleon III deposed andFrench Third Republic proclaimed as a result of theFranco-Prussian War
AlgeriaRepublican government instituted when French mother country became a republic
Ivory Coast
Mauritania
Senegal
Brazil15 November 1889EmperorPedro II deposed andBrazilian Republic proclaimed by MarshallDeodoro da Fonseca
Hawaii4 July 1894QueenLiliʻuokalani deposed and the republic proclaimed following a provisional government
Madagascar28 February 1897End ofMerina Kingdom
Philippines23 January 1899First Philippine Republic.[a]
Cuba11 April 1899Official end of Spanish–American War
Portugal5 October 1910KingManuel II deposed andPortuguese First Republic proclaimed as a result of the1910 revolution
AngolaRepublican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic
Cape Verde
East Timor
Guinea-Bissau
Mozambique
São Tomé and Príncipe
China10 October 1911Republic of China (ROC) proclaimed as a result of theXinhai Revolution. The ROC was initially in control of mainland China but later relocated to Taiwan. It is now commonly known as "Taiwan".
The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949 and is now in control ofmainland China. It is commonly known as "China".
Comoros1912End of last ofindigenous sultanates
Armenia14 September 1917EmperorNicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of theFebruary Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Russia
Ukraine
Czech Republic18 October 1918Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed
Slovakia
Lithuania2 November 1918KingMindaugas II deposed and Republic of Lithuania proclaimed
Germany9 November 1918EmperorWilliam II abdicated as a result of theGerman Revolution
Austria12 November 1918Republic ofGerman Austria proclaimed following the dethronement of EmperorCharles
Poland14 November 1918Power transferred from theRegency Council toChief of StateJózef Piłsudski
Finland17 July 1919Constitution Act or Instrument of Government: Finland became a republic
Turkmenistan26 April 1920KhanSayid Abdullah deposed andKhorezm People's Soviet Republic proclaimed
Lebanon23 July 1920French Mandate of Syria established after theBattle of Maysalun
Syria
Tajikistan8 October 1920EmirMohammed Alim Khan deposed andBukharan People's Republic proclaimed
Uzbekistan
Togo20 July 1922Formal beginning ofFrench TogolandLeague of Nations Mandate
Turkey29 October 1923Republic of Turkey was proclaimed after theTurkish War of Independence, succeeding theOttoman Empire
Mongolia26 November 1924Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed. Now the date is celebrated as 'Republic Day'Public holidays in Mongolia
Spain14 April 1931TheSecond Spanish Republic came to power on 14 April 1931 following theeconomic crisis caused by the1929 Wall Street Crash. The Republic lost power after theSpanish Civil War.Francisco Franco then led Spain until his death on 20 November 1975 whendemocracy, along with the monarchy, was restored.
Moldova2 August 1940Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed following the annexation ofRomanianMoldavia by theSoviet Union
Iceland17 June 1944Republic of Iceland established after a referendum
North Korea15 August 1945Korea liberated from Japan and thePeople's Republic of Korea established, divided intoNorth Korea andSouth Korea a month later.
South Korea
Indonesia17 August 1945Republic of Indonesia'sproclamation of independence triggering theIndonesian National Revolution
Vietnam25 August 1945EmperorBảo Đại abdicated andDemocratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed
Taiwan25 October 1945Taiwan and Penghu Islandstransferred to theRepublic of China. Since 1949, the ROC only controls Taiwan and the surrounding islands.
Bosnia and Herzegovina29 November 1945Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while KingPeter II was in exile
Croatia
North Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
Slovenia
Albania1 January 1946People's Republic of Albania proclaimed while KingZog was in exile
Hungary1 February 1946The Second Hungarian Republic proclaimed
Italy2 June 1946KingUmberto II renounced the throne and theItalian Republic was established after areferendum
Bulgaria15 September 1946TsarSimeon II deposed andPeople's Republic of Bulgaria proclaimed after a referendum
Marshall Islands18 July 1947end ofSouth Pacific Mandate and beginning ofTrust Territory of the Pacific Islands
Micronesia
Palau
Romania30 December 1947KingMichael abdicated and thePeople's Republic of Romania was proclaimed
Myanmar4 January 1948Burmese independence declared
Israel14 May 1948State of Israel proclaimed
Ireland18 April 1949Republic of Ireland Act came into force
India26 January 1950Constitution of India came into effect
Egypt18 June 1953Republic proclaimed afterrevolution in 1952
South Sudan1 January 1956Independence ofRepublic of Sudan
Sudan
Pakistan23 March 1956Constitution of Pakistan came into effect and Governor-GeneralIskander Mirza became president. Three coups in1958 Pakistani coup d'état,1977 and in1999 respectively before restoration of the civil electorate in 2008.
Tunisia25 July 1957KingMuhammad VIII al-Amin deposed
Iraq14 July 1958Faisal II deposed/killed in14 July Revolution
Somalia26 June 1960Independence ofState of Somaliland, which was united with theTrust Territory of Somalia on 1 July to form theSomali Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo30 June 1960Gained independence as a republic
Ghana1 July 1960Constitutional change afterreferendum on 27 April
Cyprus16 August 1960The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus adopted
South Africa31 May 1961Republicanconstitution adopted
Cameroon1 October 1961End of British Trusteeship inSouthern Cameroons, union with rest of Cameroon
Rwanda1 July 1962Independence as a republic followingmonarchy referendum in 1961
Yemen27 September 1962KingMuhammad al-Badr deposed andYemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) proclaimed
Tanganyika9 December 1962Republican constitution adopted
Nigeria1 October 1963Constitutional amendment
Uganda9 October 1963Constitutional amendment
Zanzibar12 January 1964Sultanate overthrown inZanzibar Revolution
Zambia24 October 1964Gained independence as a republic
Kenya12 December 1964Republican constitution adopted
Singapore9 August 1965Ousted from the Federation of Malaysia
Malawi6 July 1966Republican constitution adopted
Botswana30 September 1966Gained independence as a republic
Burundi28 November 1966Republic declared after army coup d'état
South Yemen30 November 1967Independence ofPeople's Republic of South Yemen
Nauru31 January 1968Gained independence as a republic
Equatorial Guinea12 October 1968Gained independence as a republic
Maldives11 November 1968SultanMuhammad Fareed Didi deposed andMaldivian Second Republic established after a referendum
Libya1 September 1969KingIdris I deposed byMuammar Gaddafi's coup d'état
Guyana23 February 1970Co-operative Republic of Guyana proclaimed
Cambodia18 March 1970TheKhmer Republic (later known asDemocratic Kampuchea, then thePeople's Republic of Kampuchea, and finally theState of Cambodia) was declared in 1970 when PrinceNorodom Sihanouk was deposed. Themonarchy was restored in 1993.
The Gambia24 April 1970Republic proclaimed following a constitutional referendum
Sierra Leone19 April 1971Republican constitution adopted
Sri Lanka22 May 1972Sri Lankan constitution adopted
Bangladesh16 December 1972The Constitution came into effect a year after the formation of the state in 1972. Threecoups followed in1975 and1982.
Afghanistan17 July 1973KingMohammed Zahir Shah abdicated afterMohammed Daoud Khan's coup d'état
Greece8 December 1974Final abolition of monarchy; referendum
Malta13 December 1974Republic of Malta proclaimed
Eritrea21 March 1975Monarchy ofEthiopian Empire finally abolished
Ethiopia
Suriname25 November 1975Gained independence as a republic
Laos2 December 1975KingSavang Vatthana abdicated as a result of a communist revolution
Seychelles29 June 1976Gained independence as a republic
Trinidad and Tobago1 August 1976Republican constitution adopted
Dominica3 November 1978Gained independence as a republic
Iran11 February 1979ShahMohammad Reza Pahlavi deposed and the Islamic Republic of Iran (a theocratic republic) was proclaimed as a result of theIranian Revolution
Kiribati12 July 1979Gained independence as a republic
Central African Republic21 September 1979Emperor Bokassa I deposed in a coup d'état
Zimbabwe17 April 1980Full independence of Zimbabwe
Fiji6 October 1987Fiji Republic proclaimed as a result of thecoup d'état ofSitiveni Rabuka
Mauritius12 March 1992Republic ofMauritius proclaimed as a result of constitutional changes
Samoa11 May 2007Upon the death ofMalietoa Tanumafili II, Samoa changed to a parliamentary republic.
Nepal28 May 2008Abolition of monarchy
Barbados30 November 2021Republic of Barbados to be declared effective 30 November 2021.

January

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1 January in Slovak Republic

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The day of creation of Slovak republic. A national holiday since 1993. Officially calledThe day of establishment of Slovak republic.

9 January in Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

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AfterYugoslavia fell apart,Serbs inBosnia and Herzegovina wanted to stay withSerbia andMontenegro.Croats andBosniaks, on the other hand, wanted to create an independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 9 January 1992, Bosnian Serb authorities declared the creation of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, now calledRepublika Srpska ("Serb Republic", not to be confused with theRepublic of Serbia) as a state within the country of Bosnia of Herzegovina. Republika Srpska now celebrates Republic Day on the anniversary of the state's creation.

23 January in Philippines

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Main article:Republic Day (Philippines)

26 January in India

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Main article:Republic Day (India)
Soldiers of theMadras Regiment during the annual Republic Day Parade in 2004.

TheConstitution of India came into force, and India declared itself a Republic on 26 January 1950, a day thereafter celebrated annually asRepublic Day inIndia. The Constitution had been drafted by theConstituent Assembly headed by Dr.B.R. Ambedkar which was set up when India gained its independence from the British in 1947. This was a deliberate act: The 26 January was initially India's "Independence Day", one of Mahatma Gandhi's many symbolic acts during India's struggle for freedom against British colonial rule, and the adoption of the Constitution on this date was felt able to strengthen its initial meaning, one calling for Indians of all ages to declare their freedom from theBritish Raj by Mahatama Gandhi. It is one of threenational holidays in India, the other two being the nation'sIndependence Day on 15 August (since 1947) and thebirthday of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi on 2 October.

To mark this occasion, a grand parade is held nearKartavya Path, formerlyRajpath inNew Delhi, thecapital of India, beginning fromRaisina Hill near theRashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), along theKartavya path, formerlyRajpath, pastIndia Gate and on to the historicRed Fort in the old quarter of the city. Different infantry, cavalry and mechanized regiments of theIndian Army, theIndian Marines and theIndian Air Force march in formation, decked in all their finery and official decorations. ThePresident of India, who is also theCommander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. TheChief Guest of the parade is the Head of State or Head of Government of another nation. The parade also includes many traditional dance troupes, to symbolize the cultural heritage of India. It traditionally ends with a colourfulflypast byIndian Air Force jets in atiranga formation. Similar parades are held in thecapitals of all the states of India, where the Governors of the respective states take the salute. The official conclusion of Republic Day festivities is much later on 30 January, four days after the Republic Day.

February

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1 February in Hungary

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On 1 February 1946Hungary commemorates the proclamation of the Republic of Hungary. Since 2004, this day is a national commemoration day, without being a public or national Holiday.

March

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23 March in Pakistan

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Main article:Republic Day (Pakistan)

InPakistan this day marks the passing of theLahore Resolution. Republic Day of Pakistan was first observed in 1956 when Pakistan officially became a Republic and shunned the former status ofDominion. The main events of this day include a fullmilitary parade and the awarding of honours at thePresidency (Presidential Palace) by thepresident.Every year, on 23 March, the Pakistani people commemorate their National Day in remembrance of "The Pakistan Resolution" passed on 23 March 1940, in the historic city of Lahore which is also the day the country was declared a republic.

May

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28 May in Armenia and Nepal

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Main articles:Republic Day (Armenia) andRepublic Day (Nepal)

On 28 May 1918Armenia andNepalTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, thus forming theDemocratic Republic of Armenia and theNepal Democratic Republic. These were the first sovereign republics in the history of both countries and Nepal was the first democraticparliamentary republic only achieved consistency after thedissolution of the Soviet Union.

A decade-long People's Revolution by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) along with several weeks of mass protests by all major political parties of Nepal in 2006, culminated in a peace accord and the ensuing elections for the constituent assembly voted overwhelmingly in favor of the abdication of the last Nepali monarch Gyanendra Shah and the establishment of a federal democratic republic on 28 May 2008.

31 May in South Africa (1961–1994)

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Between 1961 and 1994, 31 May was celebrated in South Africa asRepublic Day. This practice was discontinued in 1995 following the attainment of majority rule and the reorganisation of public holidays as a consequence. On the last Republic Day, in 1994, South Africa rejoined theCommonwealth of Nations.

June

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2 June in Italy

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See also:Birth of the Italian Republic
Electoral ballot of the1946 Italian institutional referendum
Session of theItalian Supreme Court of Cassation on 10 June 1946, which approved the results of the Italian institutional referendum

An institutional referendum (Italian:referendum istituzionale, orreferendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato)[1][2][3] was held byuniversal suffrage in theKingdom of Italy on 2 June 1946,[4] a key event ofcontemporary Italian history. Until 1946,Italy was a kingdom ruled by theHouse of Savoy, reigning since theunification of Italy in 1861 and previously rulers of theKingdom of Sardinia. In 1922, the rise ofBenito Mussolini and the creation of theFascist regime in Italy, which eventually resulted in engaging the country inWorld War II alongsideNazi Germany, considerably weakened the role of the royal house.

Following theItalian Civil War and theLiberation of Italy fromAxis troops in 1945, a popular referendum on the institutional form of the state was called the next year and resulted in voters choosing the replacement of themonarchy with arepublic. The1946 Italian general election to elect theConstituent Assembly of Italy was held on the same day.[5] As with the simultaneous Constituent Assembly elections, the referendum was not held in theJulian March, in theprovince of Zara or theprovince of Bolzano, which were still under occupation byAllied forces pending a final settlement of the status of the territories.

The results were proclaimed by theSupreme Court of Cassation on 10 June 1946: 12,717,923 citizens in favor of the republic and 10,719,284 citizens in favor of the monarchy.[6] The event is commemorated annually by theFesta della Repubblica. The former KingUmberto II voluntarily left the country on 13 June 1946, headed forCascais, in southernPortugal, without even waiting for the results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, which were rejected by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 18 June 1946. With the entry into force of the newConstitution of the Italian Republic, on 1 January 1948,Enrico De Nicola became the first to assume the functions ofpresident of Italy. It was the first time that the wholeItalian Peninsula (excludingVatican City) was under a form of republican governance since the end of the ancientRoman Republic.

July

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1 July in Ghana

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Ghana's republican day.

4 July in the Philippines

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4 July 1946 is the Philippines'Republic Day.

14 July in Iraq

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14 July 1958 is the day the Hashemite monarchy was overthrown in Iraq by popular forces led byAbdul Karim Kassem, who became the nation's new leader. The event was commemorated in Baghdad with a statue on 14 July Square.

25 July in Tunisia

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It's the day the monarchy was abolished by the National Assembly and Republic was proclaimed.Habib Bourguiba was chosen to be the first President.

August

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2 August in North Macedonia

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Main article:Republic Day (North Macedonia)

September

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2 September in Transnistria

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Main article:Republic Day of Transnistria

On the 2nd of September 1990, thePridnestrovian Moldavian SSR was proclaimed, declaring independence from theMoldavian SSR. It is now celebrated as Republic Day, despite the fact Transnistria declared independence from the USSR completely 11 months later on the 25th.

October

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5 October in Portugal

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5 October in Portugal is known asImplantação da República. It celebrates the proclamation of thePortuguese First Republic in 1910.

10 October in Republic of China

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10 October inTaiwan is a national holiday commemorating the establishment of theRepublic of China in 1911, the symbolic start of the Chinese revolution with theWuchang uprising. It is also known as theDouble Ten Day.

24 October in Rhodesia (1970–1979)

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Although the government ofIan Smith declaredRhodesia (nowZimbabwe) a republic on 2 March 1970, it was officially commemorated on 24 October. Following independence in 1980, the holiday was abolished.

25 October in Kazakhstan

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Main article:Republic Day (Kazakhstan)

In the waning days of Soviet rule, individualrepublics of the Soviet Union sought greater autonomy. TheSoviet Union agreed in early 1990 to give up its monopoly of political power. Following the lead ofLithuanian SSR,Russian SFSR and others,Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on 25 October 1990, andKazakhstan subsequently became independent on 16 December 1991 as the Soviet Union collapsed. 25 October, the anniversary of the adoption of the "Declaration on State Sovereignty of Kazakh SSR" by the Kazakh legislature in 1990, is now commemorated as Republic Day (Kazakh:Республика күні,romanizedRespwblïka küni), apublic holiday in Kazakhstan.

29 October in Turkey

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Main article:Republic Day (Turkey)

On 29 October 1923, theTurkish constitution was amended andTurkey became arepublic. This formally declared the dissolution of theOttoman Empire. Republic Day (Turkish:Cumhuriyet Bayramı) is celebrated throughout Turkey and Northern Cyprus every year. Commemorative events usually begin in the afternoon on the previous day. In observance of the holiday, government offices and schools close for a day. Also, there are fireworks shows in all cities of Turkey. That day everyone commemorates Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

November

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11 November in the Maldives

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On 11 November 1968,Maldives the then existing monarchy was abolished and replaced by a republic.

15 November in Brazil and Northern Cyprus

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Main article:Republic Day (Northern Cyprus)

On 15 November 1889, in the city of Rio de Janeiro (the Brazilian capital at that time), a military coup led by Field MarshalDeodoro da Fonseca overthrew EmperorPedro II and declaredBrazil a republic.

29 November in former Yugoslavia (1945–1990)

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On 29 November 1943, theAnti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) established the foundations of post-warYugoslavia as asocialist republic, which was officially proclaimed on the same date in 1945.Republic Day (local name:Dan Republike or Дан Републике) marked the occasion two consecutive days, 29 and 30 November, and was likely the most important holiday (the other two-day holidays wereNew Year andMay Day).

Inelementary schools first graders were inducted into theUnion of Pioneers on or around Republic Day. Employees merged the holiday with weekends and extra days off to form 3-, 4- or even 5-day weekends. Urban dwellers took the occasion to visit their relatives in the country, who marked the event withpig slaughter and the ensuing feast.

In the 1980s, as central andCommunist Party authority eroded, dissenters targeted Republic Day celebrations for criticism. In 1987,Bosniangarage rock bandZabranjeno pušenje published a song entitledDan Republike, in which they criticized the state of the economy and protested the general indifference to the ideals behind the holiday. The band had tochange some of the lyrics before being allowed to air the song.

In 1989,Slovenia andCroatia were the first federal republics to cease observing the holiday. Other seceded republics followed suit asYugoslavia dissolved.Federal Republic of Yugoslavia kept the holiday until 2002.

The date "29.XI.1943" featured prominently on theYugoslav coat of arms.

30 November in Barbados

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This day is celebrated as bothIndependence Day and Republic Day, as on 30 November 2021, Barbados was declared as aRepublic within the Commonwealth. DameSandra Mason, the lastGovernor-General of Barbados was installed as the firstPresident of Barbados.

December

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13 December in Malta

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Main article:Republic Day (Malta)

On 13 December 1974, theconstitution ofMalta was substantially revised, transforming the former Britishcolony from aCommonwealth Realm into arepublic within theCommonwealth. The British Monarch ceased to be recognised asReġina ta' Malta (Queen of Malta) and the new Head of State was President SirAnthony Mamo. This occasion is marked every year asRepublic Day (Maltese:Jum ir-Repubblika) in Malta. The monument of Republic Day is atMarsa.

18 December in Niger

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18 December 1958 is commemorated in theRepublic of Niger asRepublic Day, the national holiday. Although not the date of formal, complete independence fromFrance, 18 December marks the founding of the Republic and creation of thePresidency of the Republic of Niger, following the constitutional changes of theFrench Fifth Republic, and the elections of 4 December 1958 held acrossThe French Colonial possessions. Nigeriens consider this date to be the founding of their nation. Between 18 December 1958 and 5 August 1964, Niger remained a semi-autonomous Republic within theFrench Community.

The 16th is celebrated in Niger with official festivals and appearances of political leaders, as well as public parties and festivities. The 50th-anniversary celebrations were held in 2006, centered not in the capital, but in the regional center ofTillabéry, and surrounded by sports, musical and arts competitions, the opening of new buildings, a National Youth Festival, and other public festivities.[7]

Republic Day in other countries

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See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toRepublic Day.

Notes

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  1. ^TheFirst Philippine Republic was a nascentrevolutionary government established on 23 January 1899, during the period following the end of theSpanish–American War. That war had concluded with thecession of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain, and the Philippines was underU.S. military government at the time. Hostilities which erupted between thePhilippine Revolutionary Army and U.S. forces on 4 February 1899 quickly developed into thePhilippine–American War, which led to the dissolution of that nascent government.

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali".elezionistorico.interno.gov.it.
  2. ^"Il referendum istituzionale e la scelta repubblicana – Istituto Luigi Sturzo". Archived fromthe original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved8 December 2016.
  3. ^"Savoia – Nuovi Dizionari Online Simone – Dizionario Storico del Diritto Italiano ed Europeo Indice H".www.simone.it. Archived fromthe original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved10 May 2019.
  4. ^Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010).Elections in Europe: A data handboo. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. p. 1047.ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.
  5. ^Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010).Elections in Europe: A data handboo. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. p. 1047.ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.
  6. ^Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 134 del 20 giugno 1946
  7. ^Commémoration du 18 décembre à Tillabéri: Sons et lumières à la cité des Maïga. Assane Soumana, Sahel Dimanche. 12 December 2008
  8. ^"In Barbados, parliament votes to amend constitution, paving the way to republican status".ConstitutionNet. 30 September 2021. Retrieved18 October 2021.
  9. ^"Republic Day in Central African Republic in 2021".Office Holidays. Retrieved4 January 2021.
  10. ^"Republic Day in Congo in 2021".Office Holidays. Retrieved4 January 2021.
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