R. M. Renfield is a fictional character who appears inBram Stoker's 1897Gothichorror novelDracula.[2] He isCount Dracula's deranged, fanatically devoted servant and familiar, helping him in his plan to turnMina Harker into a vampire in return for a continuous supply of insects to consume and the promise of immortality. Throughout the novel, he resides in anasylum, where he is treated byDr. John Seward.
Still from the 1931 film teaser:Dwight Frye (1899 - 1943) portraying the character of Renfield; here, in Dracula's castle.
A description of Renfield from the novel:
R. M. Renfield,aetat 59.Sanguine temperament, great physical strength, morbidly excitable, periods of gloom, ending in some fixed idea which I cannot make out. I presume that the sanguine temperament itself and the disturbing influence end in a mentally-accomplished finish, a possibly dangerous man, probably dangerous if unselfish. In selfish men, caution is as secure an armour for their foes as for themselves. What I think of on this point is, when self is the fixed point the centripetal force is balanced with the centrifugal. When duty, a cause, etc., is the fixed point, the latter force is paramount, and onlyaccident or a series of accidents can balance it. — From DrJohn Seward's journal
Renfield is an inmate at thelunatic asylum overseen by Dr.John Seward. He suffers fromdelusions which compel him to eat living creatures in the hope of obtaining their life-force for himself. Later Renfield's own testimony reveals that Dracula would send him insects, which he begins consuming. He starts withflies, thedeath's-head moth,[3] then develops a scheme of feeding the flies tospiders, and the spiders tobirds, in order to accumulate more and more life. When denied acat to accommodate the birds, he eats the birds himself. He also changes his ideas to accommodateMina Harker by quickly eating all flies and stating that it was an old habit. Seward diagnoses him as a "zoophagous maniac", or carnivorous madman. Later Renfield attacks Seward, acquiring a knife and cutting his arm; as Seward's blood drips from his hand, Renfield licks it off the floor.[4]
During the course of the novel, the role of Renfield as a patient allows the reader to understand his behaviour from the perspective of a psychologist. Through Renfield's demented mind, the reader learns the nature of a vampirism that is eventually revealed to be under the influence ofCount Dracula; Renfield attempts to escape from the hospital multiple times to meet him.[5] Thevampire, whose abilities include control over animals such asrats,bats andspiders, comes to Renfield with an offer: if Renfield worships him, he promises to make himimmortal by providing an endless supply of insects and rats, as Renfield believes that blood is the source of life much like Dracula himself.
However, when confronted by Mina Harker, Dracula's latest victim, Renfield suffers an attack ofconscience and begs her to flee from his master's grasp. Consumed by his desire to keep Mina safe, he begs Seward and the others to allow him to leave lest he feel guilty for her fate. When Seward denies his request, Renfield tells the vampire hunters that "[he] warned them!" When Dracula returns that night, Renfield is again seized by his conscience. He remembers hearing that madmen have unnatural strength, and so attempts to fight Dracula. Renfield's strength leaves him after looking into Dracula's eyes, and Dracula throws him to the floor, severely injuring him.
The vampire hunters enter the room shortly afterward, and through an emergency surgery Van Helsing manages to prolong Renfield's life. Renfield tells how he was convinced to invite Dracula in, detailing how Dracula entered the home and went after Mina. They leave him lying on the floor to rescue her. During the party's confrontation against Dracula in Mina's room, they manage to repel him with theircrucifixes and wafers ofsacramental bread, forcing him to flee the room. However, Dracula flees into other rooms and destroys their records, then back into Renfield's room to break his neck. "When Dr. Van Helsing and Dr. Seward had come back from seeing poor Renfield, we went gravely into what was to be done. First, Dr. Seward told us that when he and Dr Van Helsing had gone down to the room below they had found Renfield lying on the floor, all in a heap. His face was all bruised and crushed in, and the bones of the neck were broken."
The character Renfield has influenced the study of real-life behaviour in psychiatric patients with an obsession with drinking blood. The termRenfield syndrome was coined by psychologistRichard Noll in 1992, originally as a joke term, to describeclinical vampirism. Correspondingly, there is also a "vampire personality disorder" (VPD); a diagnosis for clinical vampirism, used for thebehavioural profiling ofserial killers compelled by bloodlust and for patients who act out violent vampiric fantasies;[6] this diagnosis, however, is not recognized by theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
The effects of Renfield syndrome follows the pathology of the character in the novel consisting of several stages. Initially the patient exhibits zoophagia, a compulsion to eat insects, or to eat live animals or drink their blood. As the condition worsens, the behaviour grows more and more deviant, culminating in a compulsion to drink another person's blood in an act described as True-Vampirism, including intentionally harming another individual for that purpose—the same behaviour Renfield is seen exhibiting in the novel.
F. W. Murnau'sNosferatu: A Symphony of Horror (1922 silent film), loosely based on Stoker's novel, renames Renfield (Alexander Granach) as Knock, and combines him with Mr. Hawkins, the employer of the hero Harker (renamed Thomas Hutter).
In the 1970 filmCount Dracula,Klaus Kinski played Renfield asmute.[9] His link to the Count is explained in terms of his travel to Transylvania once and his horrible experience near Castle Dracula, when his young daughter died.
TheBBC version ofCount Dracula (1977), starringLouis Jourdan in the title role, includesJack Shepherd as a sympathetic Renfield in a prominent role which highlights his relationship with Mina.[10]
The 1979 filmDracula, starringFrank Langella in the title role, hasTony Haygarth playingMilo Renfield as an unkempt workman who is enthralled by Dracula while he is unloading the boxes at Carfax.[11]
Another 1979 film,Nosferatu the Vampyre byWerner Herzog, withKlaus Kinski in the main role, features giggling Renfield, the former boss of Jonathan Harker (similarly to the character's background in the 1922 silent film), now a mental asylum patient and a plague spreader, played byRoland Topor.
Arte Johnson plays Renfield inLove at First Bite (1979), where he is seen being a loyal servant to Dracula in the 1970s as he and his master move to New York. Johnson imitates the Dwight Frye laugh.
Tom Waits portrays R. M. Renfield inFrancis Ford Coppola's 1992 film adaptationBram Stoker's Dracula. The film suggests that Renfield was Jonathan Harker's predecessor as Count Dracula's agent inLondon; it is implied that this is the reason for his madness. He tries to persuade Mina to stay out of Dracula's grasp out of jealousy, angry that Dracula plans to give her immortality instead of him.[12]
Brett Forest plays Renfield inDracula (2002), where events of the novel were updated to the modern time period.
Manoj portrayed Renfield in the 2005 IndianMalayalam-language television series,Dracula, which aired onAsianet.
Simon Ludders portraysPercival Renfield inYoung Dracula (2006–2014), in which the manservant is depicted as an unwashed dimwit with repulsive taste in food (though this aids him in preparing meals for vampires) and prodigious knowledge of science. Renfield is unquestioningly loyal to Dracula in the hope of one day being turned into a vampire, and seems to partly enjoy the abuse Dracula inflicts upon him when he makes mistakes. Renfield ultimately becomes a vampire in the series' concluding episodes, though he proves inept at using his new powers. Ludders also portrays Renfield's father, a cruel man who is resurrected and promptly enacts a plan to destroy the Draculas, but the younger Renfield ultimately undoes his resurrection.
Ian Pfister plays Renfield inDracula Reborn (2012). The events take place in modern Los Angeles. Renfield is an associate of Dracula, who moved to California.
Giovanni Franzoni portrays Renfield in the 2012 filmDracula 3D. Here, he attacks the men attempting to stakeTania (who'd been attacked by Dracula), killing her ex-lover and berating him for leaving her alone the night she was attacked. Later, he comforts Tania (now a vampire) when Dracula is showing interest in Mina. After Van Helsing kills her, Renfield attacks him, referring to Tania as an "angel," before Van Helsing kills him.
InNBC andSky Living's 2013television series, Renfield is portrayed byNonso Anozie.[14] In contrast to other Renfields, this version is well-educated and fully sane, having been recruited by Dracula to act as his lawyer after Dracula met him on a train, serving as Dracula's confidant and with Dracula expressing complete faith in his loyalty. He is killed by Professor Van Helsing in the final episode when Renfield finds Van Helsing destroying the serum that allows the vampire to walk in the sunlight.
Ewan Bailey voices Renfield in the 2017 animated horror comedyMonster Family, where he is Dracula's butler, who ultimately sides with protagonists against his master.
In the 2020 miniseriesDracula, the character, now namedFrank Renfield, is depicted as Count Dracula's lawyer in 21st-century Britain. He is portrayed byMark Gatiss, who co-wrote the series withSteven Moffat.[15]
Stuart Packer portrays Renfield in 2022 film titledDracula: The Original Living Vampire. Here, he is detective Amelia Van Helsing's boss and idol, and he helps her investigate a string of abnormal murders. It is later revealed that Renfield was in fact making a hit list for the killer, who later turns out to be Dracula, who is a powerful vampire. Renfield is shot and killed by Van Helsing, but only to be awakened as a vampire by Dracula, only before he is killed for good.
Nicholas Hoult portraysRobert Montague Renfield in the 2023 movieRenfield, taking place in present-day New Orleans, where he has been Dracula's familiar for 90 years and searches for victims to feed him. Renfield joins a self-help group for people in codependent relationships and finds the confidence to leave Dracula's servitude. He and traffic cop Rebecca Quincy ultimately kill Dracula. The movie was based on a pitch fromRobert Kirkman.Chris McKay came on board in April 2021 to direct.[16] The script was written by Ryan Ridley.
Simon McBurney plays Herr Knock, the renamed Renfield, in the 2024 remake ofNosferatu. Once again Thomas Hutter's employer and secretly Orlok's servant, this version is particularly violent and fanatical. He ritually kills and devours the flesh of birds and sheep, and moves on to homicide after escaping custody.
Renfield appears in 1924 stage playDraculabyHamilton Deane. In the play he is killed by Dracula for betraying him. He was played by G. Malcolm Russell and Bernard Jukes in English productions. The play was revised byJohn. L. Balderston for American audiences in 1927. In the revised version Renfield survives. Bernard Jukes reprised the role on Broadway.
Renfield was portrayed by Kevin Poeung in 2019Northern Ballet's production ofDracula byDavid Nixon. The production was recorded and showed in UK cinemas on Halloween and then broadcast on BBC4 in 2020.[17]
InDrakula İstanbul'da (1953) the character of Renfield does not exist. Instead, Dracula has a servant in his castle, who obeys him. When this servant tries to help Azmi (Jonathan Harker), Dracula kills him.
In the TV adaptationDracula (1968) the character of Renfield does not exist. Instead, Jonathan Harker takes up many of his functions: he goes mad after visiting Dracula's castle, ends up in Dr. Seward's asylum and does Dracula's bidding.
In theBuffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Buffy vs. Dracula" (2000),Xander Harris falls under the spell of Dracula, begins devouring insects and spiders for much of the episode, calls Dracula "Master" and obeys his orders.
Although he is not present inVan Helsing (2004),Igor takes up the mantle of Dracula's servant, ready to do his bidding.
While not in the 2014 filmDracula Untold, aRoma man portrayed byZach McGowan does refer to the titular character as "Master", much like Renfield addresses Count Dracula. If a sequel had happened, McGowan would have returned, portraying Renfield[citation needed].
^Stoker, Bram.Dracula(PDF). Ch 21, Dr. Seward's Diary, 3 October. p. 400.Just as he used to send in the flies when the sun was shining. Great big fat ones with steel and sapphire on their wings. And big moths, in the night, with skull and cross-bones on their backs.' Van Helsing nodded to him as he whispered to me un-consciously, 'The Acherontia Atropos of the Sphinges, what you call the 'Death's-head Moth'?{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Stoker, Bram.Dracula(PDF). Ch 11, Dr. Seward's Diary, 17 September. p. 202.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Ramsland, Katherine."Vampire Personality Disorder".Psychology Today. Retrieved1 November 2015.ForThe Science of Vampires, I invented a diagnosis as well. I called it vampire personality disorder (VPD). I included clinical vampires but also killers compelled by bloodlust and people who exploit the vampire image to act out fantasy scenarios in a way that harms others.
^Dracula. Tod Browning. Universal Pictures, 1931. Film.
^Drácula. George Melford. Universal Pictures, 1931. Film.
^Count Dracula. Jesús Franco. Filmar Compagnia Cinematograf, Roma, 1970. Film.
^Count Dracula. Philip Saville. British Broadcasting Corporation, 1977. Film.
^Dracula. John Badham. Universal Pictures, 1979. Film.
^Bram Stoker's Dracula. Francis Ford Coppola. American Zoetrope, 1992. Film.
^Dracula: Dead and Loving It. Mel Brooks. Castle Rock Entertainment, 1995. Film.
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