| Part of theaftermath of the September 11 attacks | |
.jpg) Bush delivering the speech | |
| Date | September 17, 2001 (2001-09-17) |
|---|---|
| Venue | Islamic Center of Washington |
| Location | Washington, D.C. |
| Participants | George W. Bush |
 The full text ofthe speech at Wikisource | |
On September 17, 2001—six days afteral-Qaeda'sSeptember 11 attacks on theWorld Trade Center andthe Pentagon—George W. Bush, thenpresident of the United States, deliveredremarks at the Islamic Center of Washington (also called thespeech at the Islamic Center of Washington or "Islam Is Peace"), a speech that affirmed that the vast majority of Muslims were unassociated with, and moreover were horrified by al-Qaeda and their September 11 attacks. He saidIslamic terrorism contravened Muslim values because "Islam is peace".[1] Bush praisedMuslims in the United States for their contributions to society and noted that some feared they would become the targets of harassment or violence from Americans upset about the September 11 attacks. He condemned suchIslamophobia and said American Muslims "love America just as much as I do".[2]
Compared to the days preceding Bush's speech, the number ofhate crimes committed against Muslims decreased after his remarks. Some conservative Christians criticized theBush administration for differentiating between Islam in general and terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda. SociologistsRosemarie Skaine and Louise Cainkar respectively praised and criticized Bush. Skaine argued that the speech was an example of how Bush had generally helped reduceIslamophobia in the United States. According to Cainkar, although the address was a "positive speech", Bush undermined it in different speeches that characterized Muslims as hostile to America.[3]
George W. Bush, anEvangelical Christian[4] andRepublican who was the 43rdpresident of the United States,[5] made his first public comments as president aboutIslam in early 2001 as part of a statement commemorating the Muslim holiday ofEid al-Adha. It was the first American presidential statement issued for Eid al-Adha, and Bush praised the "variety of nations and cultures represented by those who travel to Mecca each year" as "reminders that ethnic and racial differences need not divide us when we share common values and purposes".[6]
On September 11, 2001,Islamist organizational-Qaeda attacked theWorld Trade Center andthe Pentagon in theUnited States using hijacked airplanes, killing nearly three thousand people in what has been called the "worst terrorist incident in the history of the United States".[7] Bush had not spoken publicly about Islam since his Eid al-Adha statement.[8] After theSeptember 11 attacks, he worried some Americans might lash out against Muslims.[9]Muslims in the United States had long faced prejudices andIslamophobia, and from the 1980s onward a popular American media stereotype conflated Muslims in general with the idea of "terrorists".[10] While interacting with journalists on September 13, he urged Americans to be respectful toArab Americans and Muslim Americans.[11] On September 14, which he had declared aNational Day of Prayer, Bush spoke at a memorial service alongsideMuzammil H. Siddiqi, a Muslimimam.[12]
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Bush visited theIslamic Center of Washington, a mosque inWashington, D.C., on September 17, 2001.[13] He met with Muslim community leaders and there delivered a speech, variously called "Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington" and "Islam Is Peace".[14] In the speech, Bush drew a line of distinction between Muslims and al-Qaeda, saying that al-Qaeda had perverted Islam, as the "face of terror is not the true faith of Islam", and "Islam is peace".[1] He affirmed that Muslims, both in the United States and elsewhere, "were just appalled" by the September 11 attacks because "acts of violence against innocents violate the fundamental tenets of the Islamic faith" and that al-Qaeda "represent[ed] evil and war", not Islam.[15] Bush then quoted a passage from theQuran stating that "[i]n the long run, evil in the extreme will be the end of those who do evil", invoking a nondenominational expression ofAmerican civil religion.[4] In drawing this distinction between a peaceful Islam and violent terrorism, Bush characterized the United States as being an ally to the majority of theMuslim world against what he depicted as the evils of terrorism and a false Islam.[16]
America counts millions of Muslims amongst our citizens, and Muslims make an incredibly valuable contribution to our country. Muslims are doctors, lawyers, law professors, members of the military, entrepreneurs, shopkeepers, moms and dads. And they need to be treated with respect.
In the speech, Bush praised American Muslims, noting that there were millions of Muslimcitizens of the United States who he said "make an incredibly valuable contribution to our country" in their professional and family lives.[2] Intending to head off Islamophobic prejudice,[17] he added that he was aware that some American Muslims, in the wake of the September 11 attacks, were "afraid they'll be intimidated" if they tried to go about their "ordinary daily routines".[18] Bush condemnedIslamophobia in the United States, saying that people who would "take out their anger" about the September 11 attacks against Muslim individuals "represent the worst of humankind, and they should be ashamed of that kind of behavior".[17] Bringing uphijab-wearing Muslim women in particular, Bush insisted they should not have to feel afraid to go outside for fear of harassment because that was "not the America I know".[12] To end the speech, Bush personally identified with American Muslims, saying "[t]hey love America just as much as I do".[2]
Compared to the days immediately preceding Bush's speech, there were fewerhate crimes against Muslims in the United States in the days after it.[19] ThePew Research Center reported that in November 2001, 59% of Americans, relatively evenly distributed among bothRepublicans andDemocrats, reported viewing Islam favorably, an increase in positive disposition compared to 45% that March; this shared outlook did not last, however, and over subsequent years views of Islam diverged along partisan lines as Republicans increasingly associated Islam with violence.[9] To the consternation of some particularly conservativeChristians—such as apologistDave Hunt, who criticized Bush for characterizing Islam as peaceful—theBush administration continued to reiterate that thewar on terror was not against Islam writ large.[20] Bush's remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington became the first of several speeches he went on to deliver as president to Muslim American audiences.[21]
Rosemarie Skaine, a sociologist, credited Bush with helping reduce prejudice against Arab Americans and Muslim Americans through the example he set in his September 17 speech, among other addresses.[12]Barack Obama, a Democrat who succeeded Bush as president, recalled feeling "very proud" of Bush for being "adamant and clear about the fact that this is not a war on Islam".[22] Sociologist Louise Cainkar considered the remarks at the Islamic Center "a positive speech" but criticized Bush for undermining this effort in other addresses he delivered that played into stereotypes that Muslims opposed freedom, like hisSeptember 20 speech to a joint session of Congress delivered only days later.[3]Salon contributor Aymann Ismail called Bush's September 17 remarks and his other speeches about Islam "lip service" because his actual policies were significantly negative for American Muslims, but he further argued that Bush's remarks at least demonstrated that his administration "felt responsible for how their words affected" American Muslims, which Ismail considered starkly different from the overtly Islamophobicfirst presidency of Donald Trump.[23]
