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Religious views on truth vary both between and withinreligions. The most universal concept of religion that holds true in every case is the inseparable nature of truth and religious belief. Each religion sees itself as the only path to truth.[citation needed] Religious truth, therefore, is neverrelative, alwaysabsolute.
According to an online edition ofWebster's Dictionary, the wordTruth is most often used to mean being in accord withfact orreality, or fidelity to an original or standard.[1]
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Christian philosopherWilliam Lane Craig notes that the Bible typically uses the wordstrue ortruth in non-philosophical senses to indicate such qualities as fidelity, moral rectitude, and reality. However, it does sometimes use the word in thephilosophical sense of veracity.[2]
Some Christians believe that other authorities are sources of doctrinal truth.Catholics believe that thePope is infallible when pronouncing on certain, rather specific, matters ofchurch doctrine.[3] On the day he was crucified, Jesus said, "For this I was born and for this I came into the world, to testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to my voice." John 18:37. Pilate, did not know Jesus and infamously said, "What is truth?" John 18:38. Thus, the modern Christian must resolve contradictions and determine what became obsolete and reconciled by Jesus's ministry. Knowing God is "love" and "spirit" (words used by Jesus), are contrary to many brutal images of the Old Testament LORD, but are essential to discernment and instruction.
InChristian Science, (not recognised as a Christian organization by the bulk of mainstream churches) Truth is God.[4]
Themagisterium of theCatholic Church is the church's authority or office to establish teachings.[5][6] That authority is vested uniquely in thePope and the bishops, under the premise that they are incommunion with the correct and true teachings of the faith which is shown in theCatechism of the Catholic Church.[7] Sacred scripture and sacred tradition "make up a single sacred deposit of the Word of God, which is entrusted to the Church",[8] and the magisterium is not independent of this, since "all that it proposes for belief as beingdivinely revealed is derived from this single deposit of faith."[9]
Biblical inerrancy, as formulated in the "Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy", is thedoctrine that theProtestant Bible "is without error or fault in all its teaching";[10] or, at least, that "Scripture in the originalmanuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact".[11] Various interpretations have been applied, depending on the tradition.[12][13] According to some interpretations of the doctrine,all of the Bible is without error, i.e., is to be taken as true, no matter what the issue. Other interpretations hold that the Bible is always true on important matters offaith, while other interpretations hold that the Bible is true but must be specifically interpreted in the context of thelanguage,culture and time that relevant passages were written.[14]
There is no unilateral agreement among the different denominations of Judaism concerning truth. InOrthodox Judaism, truth is the revealed word of God, as found in theHebrew Bible, and to a lesser extent, in the words of the sages of theTalmud. ForHasidic Jews truth is also found in the pronouncements of theirrebbe, or spiritual leader, who is believed to possessdivine inspiration.[15] Kotzk, a Polish Hasidic sect, was known for their obsession with truth.[citation needed]
InConservative Judaism, truth is not defined as literally as it is among the Orthodox. While Conservative Judaism acknowledges the truth of theTanakh, generally, it does not accord that status to every single statement or word contained therein, as do the Orthodox. Moreover, unlike Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism believes that the nature of truth can vary from generation to generation, depending on circumstances. For instance, with respect tohalakha, or Jewish law, Conservative Judaism believes that it can be modified or adapted depending on the needs of the people. In Orthodox Judaism, by contrast, thehalakha is fixed (by the sages of the Talmud and later authorities); the present-day task, therefore, is to interpret thehalakha, but not to change it.[citation needed]
Reform Judaism takes a much more liberal approach to truth. It does not hold that truth is found only in the Tanakh; rather, there are kernels of truth to be found in practically every religious tradition. Moreover, its attitude towards the Tanakh is, at best, a document parts of which may have been inspired, but with no particular monopoly on truth, or in any way legally binding.[citation needed]
Honesty and truthfulness are very important concepts in Islamic law. Muslims are commanded to be honest in their dealings with others and also to oneself. Honesty involves not lying or cheating others, giving others their fair due even when it is not asked, giving objective opinions even when they count against you, and not obtaining property or money by fraud. Muslims must also fulfill their promises.[16]
Another important concept is the belief that truth lies in Islam itself, as being the one true religion, and the ultimate answer to all moral questions. Muslims believe that there is no falseness or contradictions in Islam because "falseness or contradiction in one matter of the religion proves the falsity of the religion as a whole, since we would then doubt the integrity of its texts."[17]
The First Part of the Guru Granth Sahib states one universal creator God, his name is truth. This demonstrates that God is equal and one. In the Mul Mantra the Guru explains that God is the truth and he wants you to keep him in your minds at all times. The guru says God is beyond our understanding of knowledge.[18][19]
The Four Noble Truths are the most fundamentalBuddhist teachings and appear countless times throughout the most ancient Buddhist texts, thePali Canon. They arose fromBuddha'senlightenment and are regarded in Buddhism as deep spiritual insight, not as philosophical theory, with Buddha noting in theSamyutta Nikaya: "These Four Noble Truths, monks, are actual, unerring, not otherwise. Therefore, they are called noble truths."[20]
The Four Noble Truths are as follows:
The two truths doctrine inBuddhism differentiates between two levels oftruth in Buddhistdiscourse, a "relative", or commonsense truth (Tibetan:kun-rdzob bden-pa; Sanskrit:samvrtisatya), and an "ultimate" or absolute spiritual truth (Tibetan:don-dam bden-pa; Sanskrit:paramarthasatya). Stated differently, the Two Truths Doctrine holds that truth exists in conventional and ultimate forms, and that both forms are co-existent. Other schools, such asDzogchen, hold that the Two Truths Doctrine are ultimately resolved into nonduality as a lived experience and are non-different. The doctrine is an especially important element ofBuddhism and was first expressed in complete modern form byNagarjuna, who based it on theKaccāyanagotta Sutta.[citation needed]
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Although, historically,Jain authors have adopted different views on truth, the most prevalent is the system ofanekantavada or "not-one-sidedness". This idea of truth is rooted in the notion that there is one truth, but only enlightened beings can perceive it in its entirety; unenlightened beings perceive only one side of the truth (ekanta).Anekantavada works around the limitations of a one-sided view of truth by proposing multiple vantage points (nayas) from which truth can be viewed (cf.Nayavāda). Recognizing that there are multiple possible truths about any particular thing, even mutually exclusive truths, Jain philosophers developed a system for synthesizing these various claims, known assyadvada. Within the system ofsyadvada, each truth is qualified to its particular view-point; that is "in a certain way", one claim or another or both may be true.[citation needed]
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