Religion in Hong Kong is characterised by a multi-faith diversity of beliefs and practices. Most of theHong Kong people ofChinese descent practiceChinese folk religion[3] – which may includeConfucian andTaoist doctrines and ritual traditions – orBuddhism, mostly of theChinese variety.
According to official statistics for the year 2024 among the Hong Kong people who belong to an organised religion there are: over 1 million Buddhists, over 1 million Taoists, 1.04 millionProtestants, 392,000Catholics, 300,000Muslims, 100,000Hindus, 15,000Sikhs, and other smaller communities.[1] Hong Kong had a population of 7.53 million in 2024.[2]
The great majority of the population mostly followChinese traditional religions, which include the worship of local gods and ancestors. Also, in many cases people avoid declaring their religious affiliation in surveys. Traditional Chinese religions were not encouraged during theBritish rule over Hong Kong, which strongly favouredChristianity.[3] With the end of British colonial rule and the return of sovereignty over the city-state to China, there is a revival of Buddhist and Chinese folk religions.[3]
Chinese folk religion, also named Shenism, was theindigenous religion of theHan Chinese. Its focus is the worship of theshen (神 "expressions", "gods"), that are thegenerative powers of nature, also including, in the human sphere, ancestors andprogenitors of families or lineages, and divine heroes that made a significant imprinting in the history of the Chinese civilisation.
Traditionally Hong Kong Chinese practisedDaoist orfolk religious traditions, along with someBuddhist practices andancestral worship. In recent decades urban residential areas seldom have neighbourhood temples. Bosco argues that modern postindustrial life styles do not comport well with traditional practices. Many residents fail to recognize their practices as religious. Instead they regard many traditional practices and rituals, such as neighbourhood processions, as part of the unremarkable heritage representing traditional Hong Kong culture. Consequently, religion is often overlooked in Hong Kong. One result, says Bosco, is that diversity and tolerance are the characteristics that most mark the Hong Kong religious landscape.[4]
Confucianism, based on the teachings ofConfucius who lived inancient China from 551 to 479 BC, is mainly aholistic moral code for human relations with emphasis on the importance of tradition and rites. The major festival of Confucianism in Hong Kong isConfucius' Birthday that falls on the 27th day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar. Confucians in Hong Kong established theConfucian Academy in 1930 and have been deeply involved in education and promoting Confucianism to the public. They run a number of local schools with an objective of promoting the teachings of Confucius.
Taoism is a religious philosophy andritual tradition that emphasises living in harmony and union with theTao, the principle ofnature. NotableTaoist temples in Hong Kong include theWong Tai Sin Temple located in theWong Tai Sin District inKowloon. This popular temple is dedicated toWong Tai Sin.
Buddhism has a considerable number of adherents in Hong Kong. Among the most prominent Buddhist temples in the city there are theChi Lin Nunnery inDiamond Hill, built in theTang dynasty's architectural style; and thePo Lin Monastery onLantau Island, famous for the outdoor bronze statue,Tian Tan Buddha, which attracts a large number of visitors during the weekends and holidays.
Buddhist organisations and temples in Hong Kong have long been involved in social welfare and education. TheBuddhist Association of Hong Kong operates a dozen primary and secondary schools, and elderly homes as well as centres for youth and children in Hong Kong.[5][6]
The leadership of mainstream Buddhists organisations have aligned themselves with the establishment in Hong Kong. For example, high-ranking Buddhist Association's executives have openly endorsed the re-election of the city's formerChief ExecutiveDonald Tsang. Several of the association's members were on theDrafting Committee of the Basic Law.
Under the leadership of the former Chief ExecutiveTung Chee Hwa, the Hong Kong government formally recognised the influence of Buddhism in Hong Kong. In 1997 the government designatedBuddha's Birthday as a public holiday, which replaced theQueen's birthday holiday. Tung himself is a Buddhist and participated in major, widely publicised Buddhist activities in Hong Kong and China.
Academic studies and research of Buddhism in Hong Kong have thrived over the past decades. TheUniversity of Hong Kong has a Centre of Buddhist Studies.[7] TheChinese University of Hong Kong also has a Centre for the Study ofHumanistic Buddhism.[8]
TheSoka Gakkai International has an estimated 50,000 members in Hong Kong.[citation needed] The local association is called Soka Gakkai International of Hong Kong (HKSGI) and it promotes peace, culture and education based on the principles ofNichiren Buddhism.[9]
Christianity is one of the most influential religions in Hong Kong. It gained influence partially due to its existenceHong Kong under British Crown rule from 1841 to 1997, and the work of many Western mission agencies from many countries. TheAnglican Church held a nominal privileged status through the influence of the British colonial government.
After the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to theChina in 1997, governmental support from the Church of England was reduced. In China, the rulingCommunist Party distrusts missions and humanitarian entities with international religious ties, like religious organizations with missionary connected objectives. China officially supportsstate atheism and views all religion including Christianity as subversive. The government has in the past closed many churches and schools on the mainland and continues to practicereligious persecution of minority religious groups. Since 2010, mainland China has gradually limited Hong Kong's Christian communities' ability to organize their churches in mainland China. Chinese officials have barred mainland residents from attending certain religious conferences in Hong Kong and sought increased oversight of mainland programs run by Hong Kong religious workers.[10]
TheCatholic Church in Hong Kong was established as anapostolic prefecture in 1841 and as anApostolic Vicariate in 1874. It became adiocese in 1946. About 379,000 Hong Kong people are Catholics as of 2016, many of them immigrants from thePhilippines.[1]
Masses are conducted inCantonese, with around three-fifths of the parishes providing services in English and inTagalog (for theFilipino community) in some cases.
The diocese has established its own administrative structure while maintaining close links with the Pope and other Catholic communities around the world. The assistant secretary-general of theFederation of Asian Bishops' Conferences has his office in Hong Kong. The diocese runs around 320 Catholic schools and kindergartens which have about 286,000 pupils. The Catholic Board of Education of Hong Kong assists this area. Medical and social services include about six hospitals, 15 clinics, 13 social centres, 15 hostels, 12 homes for the aged, 15 rehabilitation service centres and many self-help clubs and associations.Caritas—which runs many youth and social organisations and a hospital—is the official social welfare arm of the Catholic Church in Hong Kong.
To reach people through the media, the diocese publishes two weekly newspapers:Kung Kao Po andSunday Examiner. In addition, the Diocesan Audio-Visual Centre produces tapes and films for use in schools and parishes and, overall, the Hong Kong Catholic Social Communications Office acts as an information and public relations channel for the diocese.
The presence of theProtestant community dates back to 1841.
According to the data of HKSAR government, about 480,000 Protestants live in Hong Kong as of 2016;[1] major denominations areAdventists,Anglicans,Baptists,Lutherans, theChristian and Missionary Alliance, theChurch of Christ in China,Methodists,Pentecostals and theSalvation Army.
Protestant organisations operate three post-secondary institutions: the Chung Chi College at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, theHong Kong Baptist University andLingnan University. They run around 144 secondary schools, 192 primary schools, 273 kindergartens and 116 nurseries.
The Protestant community operates about 16 theological seminaries and Bible institutes, 16 publishing houses and 57 bookshops. They run seven hospitals, 18 clinics and 59 social service organisations, 74-day care centres, 17 children's homes, 35 homes for the elderly, 106 elderly centres, two schools for the blind and deaf, 47 training centres for the mentally handicapped and 15 camp sites.
Two weekly newspapers,The Christian Weekly andThe Christian Times, are run by Protestants. Two ecumenical bodies facilitate cooperative work among the Protestant churches in Hong Kong. The older one, dating from 1915, is the Hong Kong Chinese Christian Churches Union. The other one is theHong Kong Christian Council, formed in 1954.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had 22,500 recorded members in Hong Kong in 2013.[11] Among these, 5,565 are estimated to be active in the faith.[12][full citation needed]
The LDS Church first sentmissionaries[13] to Hong Kong in 1853 but did not establishheadquarters until 1949. In 1996 the Church completed theHong Kong China Temple inKowloon. In 2005 the Church Administration Building Hong Kong was opened. The geographical administrative area for the China Hong Kong LDS Mission includes all of China.
The Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (Chinese:正教會普世宗主教聖統香港及東南亞都主教教區) is the only church ofEastern Christianity in Hong Kong. It was set up in November 1996 by the decision of the Holy Great Synod of Constantinople. It is now under the spiritual jurisdiction of theEcumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.
There were over 300,000Muslims in Hong Kong in 2016,[1] most of them are domestic workers fromIndonesia and alsoSouth Asian Muslims. Four main mosques and sevenmadrasas are run by Khatme Nubuwwat Islamic Council, and are used daily for prayers. The Khatme Nubuwwat Islamic Council is located inSham Shui Po, and is headed by Qari Muhammad Tayyab Qasmi.
The oldest mosque in the city is theShelley Street Mosque, which was built in the 1840s and rebuilt in 1915. TheKowloon Masjid and Islamic Centre onNathan Road opened in 1984. The Masjid and Islamic Centre onOi Kwan Road inWan Chai was opened in September 1981. The Cape Collinson Muslim Cemetery also has a mosque.
The Incorporated Trustees of the Islamic Community Fund of Hong Kong coordinates religious affairs and manages mosques and Muslim cemeteries in Hong Kong. The constituent bodies of the Trustees are the Islamic Union of Hong Kong, the Pakistan Association, the Indian Muslim Association and theDawoodi Bohra Association.
Charitable work is carried out by the Muslim community, including financial aid to the needy, medical care, educational assistance, the provision of an Islamic kindergarten and assistance for the aged. In addition to the established Muslim community, there has been a sharp increase in the number of Indonesianmigrant domestic workers, who numbered 123.000 at end 2008.[14]
There were 100,000Hindus in Hong Kong in 2016, most of whom are immigrants fromIndia,Nepal and Southeast Asian countries.[1] The Hindu temple in Happy Valley is an important community centre for meditation and worship (puja). TheInternational Society for Krishna Consciousness has a center in Hong Kong, established in 1981.[15] Other temples are run by the Sai Baba andChinmaya Mission groups. There is a Hindu crematorium in Cape Collins. Major religious holidays includingHoli,Dussehra andDiwali are celebrated at the temples as well as in devotees' homes.
Like allGurdwaras,Sikh temples in Hong Kong provide free meals and short-term accommodation to visitors. The main holydays observed are the birthdays ofGuru Nanak (founder of the faith),Guru Gobind Singh (the 10thGuru), andVasakhi (birthday of allSikhs). Sikhs originally came to Hong Kong from Punjab – [Now India/Pakistan] as a part of the British Armed Forces in the 19th century. Hong Konger Sikhs in this century serveHKSAR in all sectors (Police, Business & Administration). Their faith teaches them to be loyal to the land where they live in or are born in, with an aim to contribute to the society. There are around 12,000 Sikhs in Hong Kong as of 2016.[1]
With a history dating back to the 1840s, Hong Kong's Jewish community, comprising families from various parts of the world, worships at three main congregations. Daily services are held at theOhel Leah Synagogue (Orthodox),Sabbath and festival services at the United Jewish Congregation of Hong Kong (Reform). Both are located in the same residential complex inRobinson Road. Daily services are also held at theChabad Lubavitchshul based in theMandarin Oriental, and in Kehilat Zion Hechal Ezra (Sephardi) in Kowloon.
The Ohel Leah Synagogue was built in 1901 on land given bySir Jacob Sassoon and his family and includes amikvah (ritual bath). There is also a Jewish cemetery in Happy Valley. The site next to the Ohel Leah Synagogue, now containing a residential complex, also houses the Jewish Community Centre which serves all three congregations. The centre offers its 400 member families and visiting Jewish guestskosher dining and banquets, cultural and recreational facilities as well as a specialist library covering all aspects ofJudaica.
There are about 500 Jains in Hong Kong, who immigrated to Hong Kong later than most other Indian groups. They originate mostly from the Indian states ofGujarat andRajasthan. Their community grew rapidly during the 1980s. The Jains are most prominent in the diamond trading business. In 1996, members of the community founded a Jain temple, the Shree Hong Kong Jain Sangh.
Hong Kong is home to a small ParsiZoroastrian community numbering about 200.[16] There is a Zoroastrian building in Causeway Bay with a small fire temple to serve the community.
There are five major festivals in theChinese lunar calendar, with theLunar New Year being the most important. Gifts and visits are exchanged among friends and relatives and children receivelai see, lucky money.
During theChing Ming Festival in spring, ancestral graves are visited. In early summer (fifth day of the fifth lunar month), theTuen Ng Festival is celebrated with dragon boat races and by eating cookedglutinous rice wrapped inlotus leaves.
TheMid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month. Gifts ofmooncakes, wine and fruit are exchanged and adults and children go into parks and the countryside at night with colourfullanterns.Chung Yeung is on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, when many visit their ancestors' graves or hike up mountains in remembrance of an ancient Chinese family's escape from plague and death by fleeing to a mountain top.
Apart from the above traditional festivals, a number of important religious festivals, includingGood Friday, Easter,Buddha's Birthday and Christmas, have been listed aspublic holidays.
| Region | 2008 | 2009 | 2010[18] | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2016[1] | 2024 |
| Buddhists | > 1 million | > 1 million | > 1 million | > 1 million | around 1 million | around 1 million | > 1 million | > 1 million |
| Taoists | around 1 million | around 1 million | around 1 million | around 1 million | > 1 million | > 1 million | > 1 million | > 1 million |
| Protestant | 320,000 | 320,000 | 480,000 | 480,000 | 480,000 | close to 500,000 | 480,000 | 1.04 million |
| Catholics | 350,000 | 350,000 | 353,000 | 363,000 | 363,000 | 368,000 | 379,000 | 392,000 |
| Muslims | 220,000 | 220,000 | 220,000 | 220,000 | 270,000 | 300,000 | 300,000 | 300,000 |
| Hindu | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 |
| Sikhs | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 12,000 | 15,000 |
In 2023, the region was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom; it was noted that the score has gone down from previous years due to evidence that a crackdown on dissent has prompted some churches to self-censor their sermons and activities as well as harassment from the Hong Kong Youth Care Association.[19] Other reports would describe freedom of religion within Hong Kong as "deteriorating" from repeated crackdowns, regulations and targeting of Catholics and Protestants from theChinese Communist Party.[20][21][22][23]
| Major religions in China |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Other religions | ||
| By region | ||
| Related | ||
