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Reign

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Period in which a sovereign rules

Areign is the period of a person's ordynasty's occupation of the office ofmonarch of a nation (e.g.,Saudi Arabia,Belgium,Andorra), of a people (e.g.,the Franks,the Zulus) or of a spiritual community (e.g.,Catholicism,Tibetan Buddhism,Nizari Ismailism).^[1] In mosthereditary monarchies and some elective monarchies (e.g.,Holy Roman Empire) there have been no limits on the duration of a sovereign's reign orincumbency, nor is there aterm of office. Thus, a reign usually lasts until the monarch dies, unless the monarchy itself is abolished or the monarch abdicates or is deposed.

Inelective monarchies, there may be a fixed period of time for the duration of the monarch's tenure in office (e.g.,Malaysia).

The term of a reign can be indicated with the abbreviation "r." (forLatinrexit) after a sovereign's name,^[2] such as the following:

Notable^{[clarification needed]} reigns have included the following.

QueenVictoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India reigned from 1837 to 1901.
KingVictor Emmanuel III of Italy reigned from 1900 to 1946.
KingBhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand reigned from 1946 to 2016.
QueenElizabeth II of the Commonwealth realms reigned from 1952 to 2022.
Pope John XXIII reigned from 1958 to 1963.
EmperorAkihito of Japan reigned from 1989 to 2019.

A reign can be ended in several ways:

EmperorFerdinand I of Austria, King ofHungary andBohemia, King ofLombardy-Venetia (r. 1835–1848) was abdicated due to his disabilities (feeble-mindedness andepilepsy). His successor, EmperorFranz Josef (r. 1848–1916) reigned for 68 years.
KingEdward VIII of the United Kingdom reigned from January to December 1936 before he abdicated the throne. After his abdication he became known as theDuke of Windsor. No other monarch of theKingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800), theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or anyDominion orCommonwealth realm has ever abdicated, though forced abdications did occur on rare occasions in theKingdom of England and theKingdom of Scotland prior to their merger in 1707.
QueenWilhelmina of the Netherlands reigned from 1890 to 1948, before abdicating in favor of her daughter, QueenJuliana who then reigned until 1980 when she abdicated in favor of her daughter, QueenBeatrix of the Netherlands. Beatrix followed suit and abdicated in 2013 in favor of her son and heir apparent, KingWillem-Alexander.

KingLouis XVI of France reigned from 1774 until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 and his execution the following year.
Xuantong Emperor ofChina abdicated in 1912 following theXinhai Revolution, marking the end of theChinese monarchy.
KingUmberto II of Italy reigned for only a few weeks in 1946 before the abolition of theItalian Monarchy.
KingConstantine II of Greece reigned from 1964 until the abolition of the Greek monarchy in 1973.
TsarNicholas II of Russia reigned from 1894 until 1917 when he was forced to abdicate and theRussian Empire was overthrown during theRussian Revolution.
EmperorHaile Selassie ofEthiopia reigned for over 40 years (1930-1974) until theDerg forced him to abdicate and abolished the 3,000 year old monarchy, making him the 225th and final Emperor of Ethiopia.
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ofIran reigned for more than 37 years (1941–1979) until theIranian Revolution, which superseded the 2,500 years of monarchy with anIslamic republic system of government. The Shah died the following year and is buried inCairo.