Regular clergy, also known asregulars, areclerics in theCatholic Church who follow a rule (Latin:regula) of life, and are therefore also members ofreligious institutes.Secular clergy are clerics who are not bound by a rule of life.
The observance of theRule of Saint Benedict procured forBenedictinemonks at an early period the name of "regulars". TheCouncil of Verneuil (755) so refers to them in its thirdcanon, and in its eleventh canon speaks of the "ordo regularis" as opposed to the "ordo canonicus", formed by thecanons who lived under the bishop according to thecanonical regulations.[1]
There was question also of a "regula canonicorum", or "regula canonica", especially after the extension of the rule whichChrodegang,Bishop of Metz, had drawn up from the sacred canons (766).[1][2] And when the canons were divided into two classes in the eleventh century, it was natural to call those who addedreligious poverty to their common life regulars, and those who gave up the common life, seculars. The 821 Chronicle of St. Bertin mentions "sæculares canonici".[3][1] In fact as the monks were said to leave the world,[4][1] sometimes those persons who were neither clerics nor monks were called seculars, as at times were clerics not bound by the rule.[1]
Sometimes also the name "regulars" was applied to thecanons regular to distinguish them from monks. Thus the collection ofGratian (about 1139)[5][1] speaks of canons regular, who make canonical profession, and live in a regular canonicate, in opposition to monks who wear the monastic habit, and live in a monastery. But theDecretals of Gregory IX, promulgated 5 September 1234, use the word "regularis" in a more general sense, in book III, ch. xxxi, which is entitled "De regularibus et transeuntibus ad religionem". However in ch. xxxv "De statu monachorum et canonicorum regularium" the distinction returns, disappearing in the corresponding book and chapter of theDecretals of Boniface VIII (3 March 1298),[6][1] which is entitled merely "De statu regularium" and reappearing in the collection ofClementines (25 Oct., 1317) but with the conjunctionvel, which indicates the resemblance between them.[7][1]
From that time, while the word "religious" is more generally used, the word "regular" was reserved for members of religious orders with solemn vows. Those who have takensimple vows in theSociety of Jesus were also regulars in the proper sense according to the Constitution "Ascendente" ofPope Gregory XIII. Before the publication of the Code of Canon Law of 1917, writers were not agreed on the question whether the religious of other orders can properly be called regulars before solemn profession, but it was agreed that novices of religious orders were regulars only in the wider meaning of the word.[1]
In the1917 Code of Canon Law, the word "regulars" was officially defined as those who have made their vows in a "religion" (what in the1983 Code is called areligious institute).[8]
The technical juridical term "regular" does not appear, as such, in the current1983 Code of Canon Law, which does, however, use the phrase "canons regular".[9]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Vermeersch, Arthur (1913). "Regulars". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
