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Aregnal year is a year of the reign of asovereign, from theLatinregnum meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as anordinal, not acardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of rule, a third year of rule, and so on, but not azeroth year of rule.

Applying this ancientepoch system to modern calculations of time, which include zero, is what led to thedebate over when the third millennium began. Regnal years are "finite era names", contrary to "infinite era names" such asChristian era,Jimmu era,Juche era, and so on.

In ancient times,calendars were counted in terms of the number of years of the reign of the currentmonarch. Reckoning long periods of time required aking list. The oldest such reckoning is preserved in theSumerian king list. AncientEgyptian chronology was also dated using regnal years. TheZoroastrian calendar also operated with regnal years following the reform ofArdashir I in the 3rd century.

TheCanon of Kings is a list that dates the reigns of various Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, Egyptian, and Roman monarchs, that was used by ancientastronomers as a way to date astronomical phenomena. TheLiberian Catalogue is a similar list of popes ofEarly Christianity, that was used to date early events in the religion's history.

Regnal years were generally used for year marking in theChinese cultural sphere before the advent of era names. In China, the continuous use of era names began in 140 BC, during the rule of theEmperor Wu of Han.^[1][2] Prior to that, years were usually marked as regnal years of the monarch.

Since 140 BC, era names served as titles for the purpose of numbering and identifying years. Era names were used for over two millennia byChinese emperors and are still used inJapan.^[3]

TheLanfang Republic era,Republic of Formosa era andRepublic of China calendar are systems adapted from the traditional era name system, but they are not effectively era names. TheConfucius era [zh] andJuche era are based on the year of birth of the thinker oreternal president, respectively. TheHuangdi era [zh],Dangun era [zh] andkōki were counted in terms of the number of years of the reign of the firstmonarch.

As a result of Chinese cultural influence, other polities in theSinosphere—Korea,Vietnam,Japan, and Ryukyu—also adopted the concept of era name.^[2][3][4]

Abolished era names may be reused, for example as a means of claiming or denying political legitimacy. An example of this is, that when theYongle Emperor usurped the throne from his nephew he dated the year of his accession as洪武三十五年, the 35th year of his father, theHongwu Emperor's reign, i.e. 1402. Hongwu had in fact died in 1398, and the short reign of theJianwen Emperor, who ruled between 1398 and 1402 was written out of the official record. However, they would sometimes still be used.景初四年 (240) was used on Japanesebronze mirrors.^[5]廣德四年 (766) and建中八年 (787) were used in aWestern Regions tomb and a document.^[6]Kuchlug did not change the era name.^{[clarification needed]}

After theMing dynasty fell, theJoseon dynasty still usedChongzhen, and theKingdom of Tungning still usedYongli regnal years,^[7] thus denying the legitimacy of the Qing dynasty, and showing continued allegiance to the Ming regime.

The short livedDaxi Kingdom [zh], postZhang Xianzhong, used theGanzhi calendar without era names.Overseas Chinese used Longfei (龍飛) or Tianyun (天運).^[8]

Chinese era names (年號,niánhào) were used since 140 BC. Until 1367 AD several were used during each emperor's reign. From 1368 AD until 1912 AD only one era name was used by each emperor, who was posthumously known by his era name, which meant that the era name became equivalent to a regnal year. The tradition of Chinese era names survives in the Republic of China'sMinguo calendar, withMinguo, Chinese for "Republic", taking the place of the era name.

The official Japanese system orGengō (元号) numbers years from the accession of the currentemperor, regarding the calendar year during which the accession occurred as the first year. The system was in use sporadically from 645 and continuously from 701. Until 1867 several era names were used during each emperor's reign. From 1868, the "one reign, one era name" system was introduced, meaning only one has been used by each emperor. each emperor has been known posthumously by his era name.

The current emperor,Naruhito succeeded to the throne on 1 May 2019, after his fatherAkihito abdicated the throne, citing age and poor health.^[9] The name of his era isReiwa, which was formally announced by the Government of Japan a month before Naruhito succeeded the throne, on 1 April 2019. Therefore, 1 May 2019 is considered the beginning of theReiwa 1.

The former emperor, Akihito, succeeded the throne on 7 January 1989 on the death of his fatherEmperor Shōwa, with the nameHeisei decreed as the name of his regnal era by theCabinet. Thus the year 1989 corresponds to Heisei 1 (平成元年,Heisei gannen, or "first year").

The use ofera names was common throughout the various historical states that occupied theKorean peninsula. Korean endemic eras were used from 391 to 1274 and from 1894 to 1910. During the later years of the Joseon dynasty, years were also numbered from the founding of that dynasty in 1392. From 1952 until 1961, years were numbered inDangi in South Korea, counting from the legendary founding ofGojoseon in 2333 BC.

During the Joseon dynasty, Korea used Chinese era names (yeonho) as a demonstration of its respect and loyalty to the Ming and Qing dynasties of China.^[7] Even after the Ming dynasty was replaced by Qing, Koreans continued to use the Ming era names, using the era name of the last Ming emperor, theChongzhen Emperor, after his death in 1644,^[7] and continued to do so for nearly 200 years.^{[citation needed]} However, this was done mostly privately, because of the pressure exerted by the Qing government.^{[citation needed]}

The tradition of Korean era names survives in the North KoreanJuche calendar, withJuche year 1 being 1912, the year of the birth of Kim Il-sung.

The use of era names in Vietnamese history started in the middle of the 6th century CE, when independentVietnamese dynasties started to proclaim their own era names.^[2][4][3] The titles were adopted in historical Vietnam for the purpose of year identification and numbering. It continued until 1945, when the reign ofNguyễn dynasty came to an end.

The Anka year (Odia:ଅଙ୍କAṅka) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by theEastern Ganga kings for dating their reigns. It has a number of features that mark the regnal year differently from the actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia panjis to mark the titular regnal year of the King of Puri, Gajapati MaharajaDibyasingha Deba of thePuri Estate, whose title carries the legacy of historical ruling monarchs of Odisha. It is also known as the Odisha style of dating.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Features:

• The Anka system always starts on the Odia fiscal new year called Sunia which falls on the 12th day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadra (August-September) known as Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi. If the king accedes the throne for a few days before this date, then the first year of his reign would then just be a few days long.
• Coins were minted on the date of the new year and hence the first coins were given the Anka year 2, the number 1 was not used.
• All years ending in 6 were skipped. As in the Anka year 5 was followed by Anka year 7, Anka year 15 was followed by Anka year 17 and so on.
• All years ending in 0 were also skipped, except for the Anka year 10.

Hence no Anka years exist for 1, 6, 16, 20, 26, 30, 36, 40, 46, 50, 56 and so on.

Regnal years continue to see limited use in someCommonwealth realms. The present conventions for regnal years in the Commonwealth realms originate with theKingdom of England, which used regnal years to date its public documents. The start of a new regnal era in the English regnal dating system originally began on the date of the monarch's coronation. However, the system was changed in 1307 to begin on the date the monarch succeeds to the throne, beginning with the ascension ofEdward II.^[14]

The regnal years used throughout the Commonwealth realms are identical to one another, as they share the sameline of succession. The present monarch,Charles III, became the sovereign on 8 September 2022, after the death of his motherElizabeth II. Thus, 8 September 2022 is considered the beginning of the first regnal year for Charles III; with the last day of each regnal year being 7 September.^{[original research?]}

The regnal dating system is used in the numbering system for allActs of the Parliament of Canada. All Acts are given an individual chapter number, assigned by its numeric order of when it receivedroyal assent, along with the regnal year, and the name of the reigningMonarch of Canada.^[15] The use of regnal years inlegal citations is acceptable in Canadian legal practices, although usage of theGregorian calendar is more common.^[16]

The regnal year was used throughout the legislative sessional volumes of theLegislative Assembly of Ontario, until it was replaced by the calendar year in 1949. However, the regnal year continues to be used on the title pages of the legislature's sessional volumes.^[16]

The use of regnal years in the United Kingdom originated in England, acountry of the United Kingdom. The regnal dating system was used to date documents of parliamentary sessions until 1963, when it began to date its documents using the Gregorian calendar.^[14] The change to the Gregorian calendar was legislated under theActs of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962.

The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of theRepublic of China (ROC), as the first year.^[17] Although the system is not anera name or a regnal year, the ROC calendar traces its roots to the historical Chinese system of era names. The ROC calendar was officially used onMainland China until 1949, and is still officially used by theRepublic of China on Taiwan today.

While not strictly a regnal year, time in the United States of America can be derived from theDeclaration of Independence (July 4, 1776). For example, theU.S. Constitution is dated as signed in "the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth," andPresidential proclamations will often be ended "IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this [ordinal] day of [month], in the year of our Lord [year], and of the Independence of the United States of America the [year]." 2025 is the 250th year of the Independence of the United States of America on and afterJuly 4 of that year. Time is also sometimes reckoned in terms (and sessions, if necessary) ofCongress; e.g. House of Representatives Bill 2 of the 112th Congress is dated "112th CONGRESS, 1st Session".^[18]

• "Regnal year".Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.

• Ancient Chinese institutions
• Ancient Korean institutions
• Ancient Japanese institutions
• Calendar eras
• History of East Asia
• Monarchy

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