In Australia,regional television is the local television services outside of the five main Australian cities (Sydney,Melbourne,Brisbane,Adelaide andPerth).
Australia's first regional television station was launched three-and-a-half years after the rollout of television had commenced in metropolitanSydney andMelbourne. First to launch wasTVT-6Hobart on 23 May 1960.GLV-10 inTraralgon opened on 9 December 1961 and was followed 14 days later byGMV-6 inShepparton andBCV-8Bendigo.
Television continued to expand inVictoria and across the country throughout the 1960s, with no fewer than twenty-five stations making their first transmissions between 1962 and 1968.
1962 station openings
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1963 station opening
1964 station openings
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1965 station openings
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1966 station openings
1967 station opening
1968 station openings
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Many of the first stations produced their own local programming, supplemented by content from the capital city stations such asGTV-9Melbourne'sIn Melbourne Tonight.GLV-10Traralgon was amongst the first to make use of live 'off-air' relays of programmes from metropolitan stations without the use of video recording equipment.
VEW-8Kalgoorlie opened on 18 June 1971 andITQ-8Mount Isa commenced on 11 September 1971 before television reached the Northern Territory on 11 November 1971 with the launch ofNTD-8Darwin. The last regional stations to launch wereGSW-9Albany (a relay of BTW-3 Bunbury) on 29 August 1974,RTS-5ALoxton on 26 November 1976 andGTW-11Geraldton on 21 January 1977.
Similar to their metropolitan counterparts, various stations began to form programming and operational partnerships in order to reduce operating costs and share the cost of imported programming.
Television 6-8-9 (laterMid State Television) | Television Centre of Victoria (TCV) (laterTV8, thenSouthern Cross TV8 and thenSouthern Cross Network)
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RVN-AMV (laterThe Prime Network) | Northern Rivers–Gold Coast Television (laterNorthern Rivers Television)
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A partnership between NRN-11 Coffs Harbour andECN-8Taree was split up when NRN joined RTN-8 in 1971. ECN later went into partnership withNEN-9Tamworth.
All television stations in Australia, including regional stations, were required to convert to colour transmission in 1975.
Stations continued to form various partnerships and networks throughout the 1980s.
North Queensland Television (laterQTV) | SIX Network Victoria (laterTelevision Victoria)
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TV8 (laterSouthern Cross TV8 and thenSouthern Cross Network) | TasTV
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Golden West Network (later GWN7, now Seven Regional WA) |
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Throughout the 1980s, a number of regional stations were required to move to different frequencies. These included GLV-10 in Gippsland, who moved to channel 8 in order to allow ATV-0 Melbourne to move to channel 10 in 1980. DDQ-10 and TVQ-0 switched channels to become DDQ-0 and TVQ-10, and SEQ10 became SEQ55 in 1988.
The last regional station to launch before aggregation launched unofficially on 2 January 1988 – IMP-9,Imparja Television inAlice Springs, began transmission via theAUSSAT satellites, as well as a number of terrestrial transmitters.
TheHawke government of the 1980s introduced a system of regional equalisation, known as aggregation, which would provide regional viewers with the same viewing choice as their metropolitan counterparts.
Local stations protested at this proposal, arguing that their profits would fall, and that local output would also decrease. They offered their own proposal, whereby the existing operator would be allowed to operate relays of the other two networks, allowing a combination of both viewer choice and local programming. If NBN were to take the Nine affiliation, for example, their two relays would offer programs from the Seven and Ten networks, direct from Sydney.[citation needed] This proposal was, however, rejected.
The new system would allow stations to transmit into neighbouring markets, as an affiliate of one of the three metropolitan networks. For instance, before aggregation, there were three separate licence areas in northernNew South Wales –Newcastle,New England, and theMid North Coast, each served by a single commercial station. After aggregation, these three licence areas merged, with the three stations in direct competition for viewers.
Soon after realising they had lost their battle with the government, the stations began to organise affiliations with metro networks. Stations that hadn't joined forces beforehand began to merge and form new networks:
Vision TV (laterStar Television) | Prime Television (laterPrime7, now Seven Regional)
| Sunshine Television Network (callsignSTQ)
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Southern New South Wales was the first area to be formed, in two phases (as a result of problems in Orange and Wagga), starting on 31 March 1989.WIN TelevisionWollongong (WIN-4) became an affiliate of theNine Network,The Prime Network became aSeven affiliate, andCapital Television inCanberra became aNetwork Ten affiliate.
The next area to be aggregated was Queensland, which took place on 31 December 1990. QTV was to become a Nine affiliate, Star Television a Network Ten affiliate, and the Sunshine Television Network a Seven affiliate. However, in the week before aggregation was due to take place,WIN Television bought Star Television and gave them the Nine affiliation – meaning that QTV was forced to change its affiliation to Network Ten.
The next year, northern New South Wales was aggregated.NBN became the Nine Network affiliate, while theSeven Network would be carried byPrime Television, withNorthern Rivers Television (NRTV) becoming the Network Ten affiliate. At one stage, WIN made its first attempt in setting up a northern New South Wales outlet by replicating the steal it had made in Regional Queensland. WIN tried to buy NRTV through bidding to steal the Nine affiliation rights from NBN, and force the latter to pick up the Ten affiliation. However, nothing came out of the deal and the respective affiliations remained as is among stations until today.
Aggregation inVictoria took place between 1992 and 1993.VIC TV became a Nine Network affiliate, Prime Television took affiliation with Seven, andSCN took affiliation with Ten.Tasmania was aggregated in 1994, albeit with only two stations –Southern Cross is a dual Seven and Ten affiliate, whileTas TV took programming from the Nine Network.
Remote and Central Australia was the final area to be aggregated – one of the largest geographical licence areas, taking in parts of theNorthern Territory, westernQueensland, the north west ofSouth Australia, and other areas in whichterrestrial television signals cannot be received. Stations broadcast to this area mainly throughsatellite or re-transmission stations.Imparja Television, based inAlice Springs, became a dual Nine and Ten affiliate, whileSeven Central, based inMount Isa, became a Seven affiliate.
A number of areas were not aggregated, due to their small size and relative inability to support more than one commercial station – these included Griffith, Mildura, Darwin and regional Western Australia.
Throughout the 1990s, a number of changes relating to local programming and identity began to take place – the first of which was to occur forNRTV, bought out by QTV's owners,Telecasters Australia in 1993. Soon after, both stations took on generic Network Ten branding with the nameTen Northern New South Wales andTen Queensland. Local news services were also axed in most of these areas with the exception ofTownsville andCairns. Similarly, the Southern Cross Network in Victoria changed its name and logo to a pseudo-TenSCN design. The same network later axed local news services and changed its name toTen Victoria, in line with moves taken by the Telecasters Australia-owned stations in New South Wales and Queensland.[citation needed]
NBN made similar moves in 1994, when it launched a new logo based on that of theNine Network at the time.Sunshine Television was purchased by theSeven Network in 1995 and became nearly identical to the network's metropolitan stations under the nameSeven Queensland.
WIN Corporation, meanwhile, bought VIC TV from ENT Ltd. in October 1994, and folded the station to the larger WIN Television network, maintaining the affiliation with Nine.
A second commercial licence was made available for single-licence areas such asMildura,Griffith, andDarwin. Incumbent stations were permitted to apply for the new licence under Section 73 of theBroadcasting Services Act 1992, however only if theAustralian Broadcasting Authority, at the time, felt that there was no other operator who would be interested or able to operate a new station in the area. The ABA initially denied all three stations the ability to operate the new licences.[1][2]
A joint complaint to theAdministrative Appeals Tribunal against the ABA and Imparja Television in 1996 found in favour of MTN-9 but against the other incumbent stations. In both the Darwin and Mildura cases, it was determined that Imparja satisfied the ABA's criteria of being in a position to run a second service in the area. Prime Television's applications in both Griffith and Mildura, for the purposes of the appeal, were rejected on the grounds of insufficient local coverage.[3]
When the auction process ended in late 1996, however, Prime was awarded the Mildura licence for $3.2 million, and commenced broadcasting with the callsignPTV-32 in 1997. Telecasters Australia launched Seven Darwin usingTND-34 in the same year, following a $2.1 million bid for the licence.[4]
In the same year,[5] an amendment was made to the Broadcasting Services Act affirming the ability of existing broadcasters in one and two commercial station markets to apply for "supplementary licences". These new licences allowed either a single incumbent or group of incumbents working together to run an additional channel.
In the then-single station markets, applying existing broadcasters gained both analog and digital licences for a new channel. In two station markets, the two existing broadcasters were allowed to form joint ventures to later bid for digital-only licences following the introduction ofdigital terrestrial television in Australia in 2001. The new licences were known as section 38A and 38B licences, respectively, after the relevant sections in the Broadcasting Services Act. Remote Central and Eastern Australia remains the only licence area without one of these stations either proposed or currently available.
The name "Section 38A" refers to the applicable section of theBroadcasting Services Act 1992 which grants such rights to solus operators.[6]
Using its Section 38A licence, MTN-9 was able to begin their supplementary service in 1997 using the callsignAMN-31. The new station carried almost all of sisterPrime Television stationCBN-8's Prime programming with the exception of local news and major sporting events broadcast byNetwork 10. This was allocated on 18 July 1996,[7] and went to air in 1997, after being initially rejected by theAustralian Broadcasting Authority. It is a feed of the Central West NSW station of Prime Television, and is licensed asAMN, broadcasting on UHF 31. A second licence for remoteWestern Australia, one of the last remaining solus markets, was put up for auction in 1998.WIN Television won the ability to broadcast to the entire regional Western Australia market (as opposed toGWN, which held separate licences in various areas), and subsequently launched its new stationWOW in 1999. In the same year, WIN purchased Griffith affiliateMTN-9, as well asSES-8 Mount Gambier andRTS-5A Riverland.
In 2000[citation needed],Southern Cross Broadcasting bought out bothTelecasters Australia andCentral GTS/BKN, subsequently removing any remaining local references, and rebranding its new stations with the 'Southern Cross' name. Supplementary licences were also issued to SCB and WIN in parts of regionalSouth Australia andBroken Hill, while at the same time, local programming was cut. The remote Eastern and remote Central licence areas were also merged at this time, amongst the last to be aggregated.
The solus operators in the regional licence areas ofSouth Australia have been granted an 38A licence, being allocated on 24 April 2002.
In more recent years, the premise has been extended to allow for two station markets where there are two different owners to apply, either separately or jointly, to operate adigital-only third station. These are known as "Section 38B" licences,[8] and were created by theBroadcasting Services Amendment (Digital Television and Datacasting) Act 2000.[9]
Section 38B allows current operators to apply for the additional licence either as ajoint venture company, or separately; in the case where both operators apply separately to ACMA, the licence is to be allocated via auction. However, as of 2007 all of the licences so far granted under section 38B have been to joint ventures between existing operators. These licences were awarded toTasmania (Tasmanian Digital Television, owned by WIN and Southern Cross),Mildura (Mildura Digital Television, owned by WIN and Prime), andDarwin (Darwin Digital Television, owned by PBL Media and Southern Cross).
The axing of local news services byPrime7 andSouthern Cross Broadcasting in Newcastle, Wollongong, Queensland, Darwin and remote Central & Eastern Australia triggered a review of local content regulations by theAustralian Broadcasting Authority. The ABA later ruled, in 2003, that a minimum level of local content should be provided in the four largest regional licence areas. Prime and Southern Cross responded to this by launching two-minute bulletins for all affected regions from areas in which local news was already produced, as well as inSouthern Cross Ten's case the current affairs programState Focus, and onPrime, a Saturday morning children's programmeSaturday Club.
In December 2003, the first digital-only commercial television station was launched,Tasmanian Digital Television, operating on a supplementary licence owned jointly by WIN Television and Southern Cross. Similarly, Mildura Digital Television began broadcasting in 2006 to Mildura, offering exclusive Ten-based programming for the first time in the area. It is a direct feed ofTen Melbourne with local advertising.Darwin Digital Television opened transmission on 28 April 2008.
During April 2007, SP Telemedia announced that it would consider selling NBN Television, and had received at least two bids, one each from WIN (in its second attempt of entering the northern NSW market) and Nine Network's ownerPBL Media.[10] On 9 May 2007, PBL Media's $250 million bid became final, winning the sale.[11] However, upon acquiring NBN, PBL continued to operate it as a regional independent station until it was folded into the Nine Network on 1 July 2016 as a result of the regional affiliation switch between WIN Corporation and Southern Cross Austereo. The purchase also secured permanent status of supplying Nine's content to the station's entire coverage area, sparing any future affiliation switches.
After Nine launched its new online catch-up video on demand and live streaming service9Now on 27 January 2016, WIN filed a lawsuit against Nine, claiming that live streaming into regional areas breaches their affiliation agreement.[12][13] Justice Hammerschlag of the NSW Supreme Court dismissed the case on 28 April 2016, citing that "live streaming is not broadcasting within the meaning of the PSA (program supply agreement), and that Nine is under no express or implied obligation not to do it."[14][15]
Following WIN's defeat in the 9Now lawsuit, Nine announced it had signed a new $500 million affiliation deal with Network Ten affiliateSouthern Cross Austereo, switching its primary Nine affiliation to stations currently affiliated with Ten in Southern NSW, ACT, and regional areas in Victoria and Queensland on 1 July 2016. As an affiliation fee to Nine, SCA would pay 50 percent of its revenue to the network.[16] With that announcement, WIN was effectively stripped of its 27-year partnership with Nine. In response, WIN entered affiliation talks withNetwork Ten,[17][18] reaching a final agreement on 23 May 2016. Under the new agreement, beginning 1 July 2016, WIN would carry Ten programming into regional Queensland, Southern NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.[19][20] Deals to supply Nine programming to South Australia, and Griffith were secured on 29 June 2016, a day later Tasmania were secured as well.[21][22] A supply deal for Western Australia joint ventureWest Digital Television was not secured before the 1 July 2016 deadline,[23] but a deal was later finalised on 2 July 2016 with programming resuming that night.[24][25]
In late January 2017, it was announced that Southern Cross had entered into negotiations withWIN Corporation, owners of regional Ten-affiliateWIN Television, over the sale of NRN in exchange for WIN's Wollongong radio stationi98FM.[26][27] This deal would have expanded WIN's television coverage across all regional markets in the eastern states and granted Southern Cross radio coverage in Wollongong. Southern Cross later withdrew from negotiations on 20 February 2017 with no explanation given.[28][29] However, WIN and Southern Cross later finalised an agreement where they would sell NRN to WIN for a total of $55 million,[30][31][32] with the sale taking effect on 31 May 2017.[33][34] WIN, which had its third attempt for a NNSW outlet successful since 1991, maintained the station asTen Northern NSW until playout and transmission were transferred to Mediahub on 1 September 2017, at which point the station adopted the WIN branding. Channel numbers were reshuffled to align with WIN's other stations; but as Nine owned NBN Television holds the 8 numbered digital channels, NRN's channels remained on the 5 numbered channels.
On 12 March 2021, Nine announced that it would return to WIN Television as its regional affiliate in most markets beginning 1 July 2021, in a deal that would last at least seven years. This would include WIN paying half of its regional advertising revenue to Nine Entertainment Co., and providing advertising time for Nine's properties on WIN's radio and television outlets. WIN would also provide advertising sales services for Nine's owned-and-operated stationsNBN andNTD (with the former succeeding a similar agreement it had with SCA). Nine CEO Hugh Marks explained that "while our relationship with Southern Cross has been strong over the last five years, the opportunities presented by the WIN Network to both extend the reach of Nine's premium content into more regional markets under one agreement, and to work cooperatively with them on a national and local news operation, mean this is the right time for us to return to WIN."[35] As a result, SCA was forced to switch its television affiliation back toNetwork 10 after 5 years.
Alongside the affiliation switch on 1 July 2021, WIN as a sole network brand was retired after 32 years with its stations carrying Nine metro branding with WIN branding used for local idents, sponsor billboards and community noticeboards respectively. However WIN News is retained under its current name and format. With WIN and SCA using network branding from Nine and Network 10 respectively, it left Prime7 as the only regional network not fully using its metro affiliate branding – a distinction maintained until June 2022.
According to the channel changes, Nine's channel listing was reshuffled with 9Gem on channel 81, 9Go! on channel 82 and 9Life on channel 83, while Ten’s listing was reshuffled with 10 Peach on channel 52, 10 Bold on channel 53, 10 Shake on channel 54, SBN on channel 55 and Sky News Regional on channel 56.
On 1 November 2021,Seven West Media announced that it would acquire all the shares and subsidiaries of Prime Media. Prior to this, Seven's previous attempt in 2019 was blocked by shareholders Antony Catalano, co-owner of Australian Community Media, and Bruce Gordon, owner of competitor WIN Corporation. Both felt that Seven's offer of $60 million for the company was too low. Seven announced at the time that local news production would continue.[36] The majority of Prime's shareholders voted in favour of the deal on 23 December,[37] and the takeover was completed on 31 December.[38]
In 2022, Prime7 and GWN7 as sole network brands were retired after 11 years as reflection to Seven Network's takeover. The transition to Seven's branding was done in stages: its regional network was rebranded as Seven by June; local idents, sponsor billboards and community noticeboards adopted the Seven network branding around July; while its regional news division carried the Seven News brand on 25 July, but retaining its current operations pre-acquisition.
On 17 December 2024, SCA announced the sale of their regional television licenses in Regional QLD, Southern NSW/ACT and Regional Victoria to Network 10.[39] As part of the sale, SCA will receive a share of profits from the stations for the first 5 years post-completion.[40] Three months later, on 27 February 2025, it also announced the sale of its remaining regional television licenses toAustralian Digital Holdings.[41] By that May, the deal had fallen through and it was announced thatSeven West Media would instead acquire the remaining television stations from SCA for $3.75 Million.[42][43] The Network 10 transaction was completed on 1 March 2025;[44] the sale of other licences to SWM was finalised four months later on 1 July 2025, marking SCA’s exit from television. The Seven purchase completion that day coincided with WIN Network's pullout of the former's programming following both parties not reaching an agreement to renew their programme and supply agreement in the Riverland, Mount Gambier and Griffith areas.[45] The PSA for those areas was eventually agreed upon two days later on 3 July, with Seven's programming resume to WIN-owned stations at 5:00 pmAEST/ACST.[46]
On 13 February 2025, Network 10 announced they are also acquiring their affiliate in Northern NSW/Gold Coast from WIN,[47] which was later completed on 1 May.[48]
The completion of all transactions by Seven and 10 meant that all three commercial stations in Northern New South Wales and the Gold Coast (not counting the transmitters operating as relays of Brisbane-based outlets) are now owned-and-operated by their associated networks' parent companies. It also made primary Nine affiliates WIN and Imparja as the remaining third-party broadcasters in regional and remote Australia.
The majority of these licence areas are on the more densely populated east coast, in which three commercial stations are each affiliated to theSeven Network,Nine Network andNetwork Ten from their respective capital cities. In addition to these, digital television channels fromABC Television andSBS Television are also available. The majority of these areas were aggregated in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The following are current affiliates as of July 2025.
NorthernNew South Wales (includes the Gold Coast)
| SouthernNew South Wales &ACT (includes Metropolitan areas of Canberra)
| RegionalVictoria
| RegionalQueensland
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These licence areas are not as heavily populated as the main markets listed above. Consequently, only two broadcasters operate in these areas, with a jointly owned supplementary service that provides the services of the remaining network. These supplementary services are italicised.ABC Television andSBS Television services are also available regardless, throughout these areas.
Tasmania (includes Metropolitan areas of Hobart and southern Tasmania)
| Mildura/Sunraysia,Victoria
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| Regional and RemoteWestern Australia
| Remote Eastern and Central Australia
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Similarly to the jointly owned supplementary services provided in the above markets, in markets where only one broadcaster operates, the broadcaster would provide two regular network services, with the remaining network provided as a supplementary service.
Griffith/MIA, New South Wales
| South EasternSouth Australia and theRiverland | Spencer Gulf, South Australia/Broken Hill, New South Wales (Seven West Media monopoly)
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Each commercial network (both regional and metropolitan) can be seen as being composed of three layers, with some exceptions. The first is the "national feed" – content that is broadcast to the entire country, more-or-less at the same time (accounting for time zones and minor rescheduling). This category is composed of nearly all the non-news programs and sometimes station promotions and branding.
The second is the "state feed", content that is broadcast to the entire state or territory. It comprises mainly state news, as well as current affairs programs and station promotions. This is usually the case inVictoria,New South Wales,Queensland,South Australia andWestern Australia. The third is the "local feed", content broadcast to a specific market, such as local news and advertising.
In order to fulfil regulations put in place by theAustralian Communications & Media Authority, the majority of regional networks are required to provide original, locally targeted output such as news, current affairs, or children's programmes.[49]
WIN Television, Australia's largest regional network, used to produce a number of programs including sports magazine showFishing Australia, cooking showAlive and Cooking, and travel showsDestinations andPostcards Australia.Southern Cross Television (now Seven) inTasmania previously airedHook, Line and Sinker alongside a range of other regional programs.
Up until its co-branding with Channel Seven, bothPrime andGWN produced their own versions ofThe Saturday Club. Prime also produced country music showA Little Bit of Country as well as an agricultural news program,On the Land. After those shows no longer aired, Prime7 and GWN7 showed justSeven Network programming before it was merged with the Seven Network.
Imparja Television also produce various local indigenous programs, as well asYamba's Playtime, a daily show for pre-school children. Most Imparja-produced programming is also shown onNational Indigenous Television.
ACMA regulations have, since 2003, required stations to provide minimum levels of local news and other content.[49]
In most cases, newsroom staff including reporters, camera crews and producers are based in newsrooms within the coverage area though the news program itself may be presented and broadcast from studios outside the region. For example, news staff for Seven'sMackay bulletin is based in the city with the program presented from studios inMaroochydore.
The majority of programming in regional areas is shown at the same time as its metropolitan counterpart, with some exceptions, mainly for local news programs. Prior to the 2016 media shakeup,A Current Affair was shown at 7.30pm rather than 7.00pm in most WIN regions via then-HD multichannel 9Gem (GEM prior to 2015) (Tasmania and markets without aWIN News bulletin received the programme in its original timeslot on the main channel). NBN had aired the program on delay at 7pm until the expansion of Nine's metropolitan local bulletins in January 2014, allowing the station to air ACA at the same time as in Sydney.
Seven Regional (then known as Prime7) had aired Seven News on delay at 6.30pm in markets that receive full local bulletins at 6.00pm until the major expansion of Seven's metropolitan local bulletins in February 2014, allowing the stations to extend both the regional bulletins at the same time as in Sydney and Melbourne. In its current format, full bulletin markets served by stations CBN and NEN receive a combined newshour composed of the usual local news bulletin at 6:00pm, followed by a live statewide bulletin namedSeven News at 6.30, covering national stories shown on Seven News in metropolitan markets; AMV transmitters in the Albury and NSW/Victoria border areas receive a delayed shortened first segment of Seven News Melbourne at 6.30pm after the local news, then switches back to the live Melbourne feed for sport and weather.
In the last ten years of the original 27 year affiliation agreement with Nine, WIN Television launched a range of original programs such as fishing programFishing Australia, cooking programAlive and Cooking local daytime news programDaily and local daytime talk showSusie.Susie was launched during 2007 as a replace at the time for Nine'sMornings With Kerri Anne due to affiliation disputes with Nine. It was hosted by formerGMA regularSusie Elelman, the show covered a range of topical issues including health, parenting, cooking, fitness, fashion, gardening, beauty and relationships. LikeMornings, the show also includedadvertorials. Due to four different timeslot changes and disputes within network management,Susie was cancelled by WIN Television in late 2009.[51]Alive and Cooking was launched as a replacement forFresh with the Australian Women's Weekly a joint venture with theAustralian Women's Weekly and Nine Network. It was hosted by U.K. Celebrity Chef James Reeson. In the show, Reeson would demonstrate easy to prepare dishes in the studio and sometimes on location. The show produced 11 seasons.[52]Daily was presented by Susie Elelman andBianca Dye. The show covered news, views, topical issues and entertainment. It lasted one season.
Prior to the development of digital television broadcasting, many dual-network affiliates, such asWIN SA broadcast a mix of programming from three networks at differing times of the week,WIN WA andImparja, broadcast a mix of programming from two networks at differing times of the week. Prior to the co-branding with Seven, Prime and GWN choose to replace nearly all Seven Network programs between midnight and 6am with infomercials, along with 10 Regional (the former Southern Cross Ten), which also replaced some morning programs and until late 2009Judge Judy with infomercials.
Prior to 2016, NBN opted to air classic programs (The Sullivans), its ownToday Extra program until 2007 and infomercials in place of Nine's Morning News.
As of April 2023[update], local news, special events coverage and paid programming (infomercials) are the only occurrences of regional TV programming in Australia.
WIN Television: 'DAILY' (20.10.2010) onYouTube
