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Aregional airline is a general classification ofairline which typically operates scheduled passenger air service, usingregional aircraft, between communities lacking sufficient demand or infrastructure to attractmainline flights. InNorth America, most regional airlines are classified as "fee-for-departure" carriers, operating their revenue flights ascodeshare services contracted by one or more major airline partners. A number of regional airlines, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s, were classified ascommuter airlines in theOfficial Airline Guide (OAG).
Decades before the advent ofjet airliners and high-speed, long-range air service, commercial aviation was structured similarly torail transport networks. In this era, technological limitations onair navigation and propeller-drivenaircraft performance imposed strict constraints on the potential length of each flight; some routes covered less than 100 miles (160 km).[citation needed]
As such, airlines structured their services alongpoint-to-point routes with many stops between the originating and terminating air terminals. This system of air transportation effectively forced most airlines to be "regional" in nature, but the lack of distinction among carriers soon began to change with the 1929 launch ofTranscontinental Air Transport (T-A-T) in the United States. T-A-T's transcontinental "Lindbergh Line" became America's first contiguous coast-to-coast air service, and it ushered in a new era of major airlines expanding to operate networks with large footprints. The development of long-range aircraft operated byflag carriers likeBritish Overseas Airways Corporation andTrans-Canada Airlines further normalized the capability of "far and wide" air travel among the traveling public.
"Regional airline" is a flexible term whose meaning has changed substantially over time. What it means today is different than how it has been used in the past. For instance, in the United States, around 1960, the term “regional carrier” denoted the smaller eight of the 12 largest carriers, then known astrunk carriers (or trunk airlines or simply trunks). At the time the four biggest airlines in the United States were known as the Big Four, comprisingAmerican,United,TWA andEastern Air Lines. The other eight trunk carriers wereBraniff,Capital,Continental,Delta,National,Northeast,Northwest andWestern. Since, at the time, none of these eight had a network approaching the scale of the Big Four, they were known as the regional carriers.[1] This was despite the existence, at the time, of 13 smaller United States scheduled carriers known aslocal service carriers whose service was arguably far more regional than the “regional” trunks.
So when reading historical sources, it’s important to understand that the term "regional airline" has migrated greatly over time. Sometimes the term has been stretched beyond the point of utility. For instance, in a 1983 article about PBA,Provincetown-Boston Airlines, bothAir New England andAir Florida are described as regional airlines. At the time, Air New England was a recently-failed turboprop operator in the northeast USA, while Air Florida was a jet carrier flying from Florida to the northeast, to Latin America and Europe. The two airlines had little in common.[2]
As flag carriers grew to fill the demand of long-range passenger traffic, new and small airlines found niches flying between short and under-served routes to-and-from major airports and more rural destinations. Through the 1960s and 1970s, war surplus designs (notably, theDouglas DC-3) were replaced by higher-performanceturboprop orjet-powered designs like theFokker F27 Friendship andBAC One-Eleven. This extended the range of the regionals dramatically, causing a wave of consolidations between the now overlapping airlines.
In the United States, regional airlines were an important building block of today's passenger air system. The U.S. Government encouraged the forming of regional airlines to provide services from smaller communities to larger towns, where air passengers could connect to a larger network.
The original regional airlines (then known as "Local service carriers") sanctioned by theCivil Aeronautics Board from 1943 to 1950 include:
A history and study of regional airlines was published by the Smithsonian Institution Press in 1994 under the titleCommuter Airlines of the United States, byR.E.G. Davies andI. E. Quastler.
Since theAirline Deregulation Act of 1978, the US federal government has continued support of the regional airline sector to ensure many of the smaller and more isolatedrural communities remain connected to air services. This is encouraged with theEssential Air Service program[3] that subsidizes airline service to smaller U.S.communities andsuburban centers, aiming to maintain year-round service.
Although regional airlines in the United States are often viewed as small, not particularly lucrative "no name" subsidiaries of the mainline airlines, in terms of revenue, many would be designatedmajor airline carrier status based on the only actual definition of "major airline," in the United States, the definition from the U.S. Department of Transportation. This definition is based solely on annual revenue and not on any other criterion such as average aircraft seating capacity, pilot pay, or number of aircraft in the fleet. It is common in the U.S. to incorrectly associate aircraft size with the Department of Transportation's designation of major, national, and regional airline. The only corollary is the Regional Airline Association, an industry trade group, defines "regional airlines" generally as "...operat(ing) short and medium haul scheduled airline service connecting smaller communities with larger cities and connecting hubs. The airlines' fleet primarily consists of 19 to 68 seat turboprops and 30 to 100 seat regional jets." To be clear there is no distinction in the Department of Transportation definition of major, national and regional airlines by aircraft size. The definition is based on revenue. The clash of definitions has led to confusion in the media and the public.
Beginning around 1985, a number of trends have become apparent. Regional aircraft are getting larger, faster, and are flying longer ranges. Additionally, the vast majority of regionals within the United States with more than ten aircraft within their fleet, have lost their individual identities and now serve only as feeders, toAlaska Airlines,American Airlines,Delta Air Lines, orUnited Airlines major hubs. Regional aircraft in the US have been getting slightly more comfortable with the addition of betterergonomically designedaircraft cabins, and the addition of varyingtravel classes aboard these aircraft.[citation needed] From small, less than 50-seat "single-class cabin"turboprop, toturbofanregional jet equipment, present day regional airlines provideaircraft such as the higher capacityCRJ700,CRJ900,CRJ1000 series of aircraft and the somewhat larger fuselageEmbraer E-Jets. Some of these newer aircraft are capable of flying longer distances with comfort levels that rival and surpass the regional airline equipment of the past.[citation needed]
In the early 1990s, much more advanced turboprop-powered, fuel efficient, and passenger friendlyDC-3 type replacement projects such as the 19 passengerEmbraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector and the 34 seatDornier 328 were undertaken, but met little financial success, partly due to economic downturn in the airline industry resulting from the outbreak of hostilities whenIraq invaded Kuwait. Many of the regional airlines operating turboprop equipment such asDelta's regional sisterComair airlines in the United States set the course for bypassing entirely the regional turboprops as they became the first to transition to an all-jetregional jet fleet. To a lesser extent in Europe and the United Kingdom this transition, to notably theEmbraer orCanadair designs, was well advanced by the late 1990s. This evolution towards jet equipment, brought the independent regional airlines into direct competition with the major airlines, forcing additional consolidation.
To improve on their market penetration, larger airlineholding companies rely on operators of smaller aircraft to provide service or added frequency service to some airports. Such airlines, often operating incode-share arrangements with mainline airlines, often completely repaint[1] their aircraft fleet in the mainline airline's sub-brand livery. For example,United Express regional airline partnerCommutAir branded its entire fleet as United Express. On the other hand, regional airlineGulfstream International Airlines did not brand their aircraft. WhenColgan Air was still operating, they branded a handful of aircraft as Colgan Air, but most were branded asContinental Connection,US Airways Express orUnited Express, with whom it had contractual agreements.
21st century regional airlines are commonly organized in one of two ways.
Operating as anindependent airline under their own brand, mostly providing service to small and isolated towns, for whom the airline is the only reasonable link to a larger town. Examples of this arePenAir, which links the remoteAleutian Islands toAnchorage, Alaska, andMokulele Airlines, which operates in the Hawaiian islands.
As anaffiliated airline, contracting with amajor airline, operating under their brand name (for example,Endeavor Air operates flights under theDelta Connection brand name forDelta Air Lines), and filling two roles: delivering passengers to the major airline's hubs from surrounding towns, and increasing frequency of service on mainline routes during times when demand does not warrant use of large aircraft, known ascommuter flights.
One of the first independently owned and managed airlines in the world that rebranded its aircraft to match a larger airline's brand wasAir Alpes of France. During 1974, Air Alpes painted its newly delivered short range regional jets in the livery ofAir France.
NLM's KLM style branding does however pre-date the Air France efforts though by a number of years.[4]
The success of the "rebranding" or "pseudo branding" of a much smaller airline into the name recognition of a much larger one soon became clear as passenger numbers soared at Air Alpes, and it was soon decided to paint other aircraft such as theFokker F-27 into full Air France colours as well.
Many airline passengers[who?] find sub-branding very confusing, while many other airline passengers are content to think they are on a mainline or flagship airline's aircraft, while in actuality they are far from it. Sub-branding is pretty consistent throughout the airline industry of the United States, with all the regional airlines, mainline airlines, and the regional airline holding companies, as well as the mainline airlines holding companies participating.[5]
On Feb 12th, 2010, a year after the crash ofColgan flight 3407,Frontline premiered its WGA Award-winning exposé on the industry entitled "Flying Cheap". In the program, reporterMiles O'Brien questioned how the impact of low salaries are having on pilot psyches and how safe this could be for the flying public. When asked to respond to the question, Roger Cohen, president of the Regional Airline Association,[6] toldFrontline that, "...there are many other people who earn less money than that and work more days in these communities that can afford it and do it and do it responsibly."[7]
TheSmall Aircraft Transportation System[8] outlined a new vision for regional mobility, based on services built out of smallgeneral aviation aircraft andVLJs (very light jets) with advanced automation. This vision failed to materialize due to its primary focus on rural mobility and a lack of clear and viable business case.[9]
With the introduction ofair taxi services andvery light jets, city pair links to smaller communities lacking regional connections could become more common. This opportunities could become commercially viable withadvanced air mobility and the introduction of electric aircraft.[10]
In some parts of the world, regional airlines face competition fromhigh-speed rail and also coach (bus) services with airlines sometimes replacing feeder services throughair rail alliances and contracts with bus companies (e.g., Landline betweenPhiladelphia International Airport andAtlantic City International Airport).[11]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(May 2014) |
InNorth America, regional airlines are operated primarily to bring passengers to the major hubs, where they will connect for longer-distance flights on thenational airlines also known asflagship carriers. The smallest regional carriers have become known as feeder airlines. The separate corporate structure allows the company to operate under different pay schedules, typically paying much less than theirmainline owners.[citation needed]
Many large North American airlines, have established operational relationships with one or more regional airline companies. Their aircraft often use theaircraft livery for the company they are operating flights for. These airlines can besubsidiaries of the major airline or fly under acode sharing agreement or operating through capacity purchase agreements, with the mainline parent company financing the aircraft for the regional airline, and then placing the aircraft with the regional for very little cost. An example would beEnvoy Air, which is fully owned byAmerican Airlines Group and does business asAmerican Eagle.[12]
Many of these large regional airlines have joined the lobbying groupRegional Airline Association.[13] This association lobbies purely for the financial interest of the corporate bodies it constitutes, not the employees of those airlines.
In Canada there are a number of regional airlines. Some of them focus onCanadian Arctic andFirst Nations communities, while others operate regional flights on behalf of a larger carrier, similar to their American counterparts. Some of these airlines and brands include:
The trend of branding regional airlines to match the mainline airlines, has led to just three major sub-brands in the United States:American Eagle,Delta Connection andUnited Express. They are the post-deregulation survivors of the multiple bankruptcies and mergers of the major, legacy,mainline airlines.
These regional brands are a form of avirtual airline, with the regional airline paid to staff, operate and maintain aircraft used on flights that are scheduled, marketed and sold by a partner mainline airline. This practice allows the mainline carrier to use outsourced labor at smaller stations, to reduce costs. In 2011, 61% of all advertised flights for American, Delta, United and US Airways were operated by their regional brands. This figure was only 40% in 2000.[14]
The formerly small regional airlines have grown substantially, through mergers or by the use of a holding company, as pioneered byAMR Corporation in 1982. AMR created the AMR Eagle Holding Corporation[15] which unified its wholly ownedAmerican Eagle Airlines andExecutive Airlines under one division, but still maintained the regional airlines'operating certificates and personnel separate from each other andAmerican Airlines.
The most significant regional airlines in the United States, are:
Mainline carrier-owned
Independent contractors
The evolution and chronological history of the commuter side of the regional airline industry can be defined by a number of dates prior to the end of the era of airline regulation by theCivil Aeronautics Board of the United States. Among these significant dates are:
List of Commuter Airlines in 1977 Prior to Airline Deregulation:[18]
Some of the lesser known smaller brands used by the regional airlines and theirparent companies were:
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European regional airlines serve the intra-continental sector inEurope. They connect cities to major airports and to other cities, avoiding the need for passengers to make transfers.
For example,BA CityFlyer a regional subsidiary of British Airways uses the basicChatham Dockyard Union Flag livery of itsparent company and flies between domestic and European cities.
Some of Europe's regional airlines are subsidiaries of national air carriers, though there remains a strongentrepreneurial sector of independents. They are based on business models ranging from the traditional full service airline tolow cost carriers. Innovations include one where the passenger is required to join a membership club before being allowed to fly.
Some examples of European regional airlines include:
India has many regional carriers operating currently. Some of these operate under the government'sUDAN (Regional Connectivity Scheme).
Note:- Alliance Air is still a state-owned airline, whereas Air India is private.
Australia has an association for regional airline, the Regional Aviation of Australia. More than 2 million passengers and 23 million kg of cargo are involved each year.[19]
Post airline deregulation, airlines sought added market share and to do this they sought partnerships with regional and small airlines to feed traffic into the airline hub.
Initially these tie ups tended to use small 15 -19 seat aircraft, which did not have a reputation of passenger comfort, or safe reliable operations, by small often under capitalized tiny airline operators.
To create a common tie and what appeared to be seamless to the air traveler, major carriers marketed in advertising and soon had much smaller airlines paint their small and what was often described as puddle-jumper aircraft, in the image and branding colors of the much larger mainline partner. This was to give the appearance of reliability. Over time these regional aircraft grew in size as airline hubs expanded and competition dwindled among the major carriers.
Below is a list of many of the regional brands that evolved when regional airlines were advertised to look like the major airlines.
The following is a list of former regional marketing brands operated by lesser known airlines, servingairline hub regional routes on behalf of mainline, legacy, major, or large discount carriers in the United States:
The following is a list of former marketing brands operated by smaller airlines, but using larger traditionally non-regional-type equipment such as theBoeing 727,Douglas DC9,Fokker F28,Embraer 190E-jets, orBAE 146, servingairline hub regional routes on behalf of mainline, legacy, major, or large discount carriers, in the United States:
