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Areferendum, in theItalian legal system is a request directed to the whole electorate to express their view on a determined question. It is the main instrument ofdirect democracy in Italy.^[1]

TheConstitution of Italy only provides for four types of legally binding referendums:^[2]

• Apopular referendum, in which the electorate is called to vote on whether they wish to abolish (abrogate) an existing law, either totally or partially.^[3]
• Aconstitutional referendum, which can be requested in some cases when a newconstitutional law is approved by Parliament.^[4] Similarly, a referendum can be requested to confirm the adoption of the Statute of ordinary regions.^[5]
• Anadvisory referendum is required to approve the modification ofregions,provinces, ormunicipalities.^[6]
• Apopular referendum on regional laws and regulations may be regulated by regional statutes.^[5]

Despite that the constitutional right to hold a popular referendum has existed since adoption of the Constitution in 1948, the necessary legislation detailing the bureaucratic procedures needed to hold them was not adopted until the early 1970s. As a consequence of this, Italy's first popular referendum was not held until 1974, 27 years after the constitution was first approved.

A popular referendum can only be called only at the request of five Regional Councils or 500,000 Italian voters. A popular referendum can only be asked to abolish an existing law (or part of it); a referendum to adopt new legislation is not provided for by the Constitution. Some matters are not subject to popular referendum:tax laws, budget laws,amnesties andpardons, and laws that authorize the ratification of international treaties. While these are the limits expressly stated by the Constitution, the Constitutional Court has identified further limitations.^[7]

The petition, which must include the question of the referendum, must be deposited at theCourt of Cassation, which is called to examine the validity of the petition.^[8] TheConstitutional Court of Italy verifies the regularity of signatures (in case the referendum was requested by the voters) and of the question of the referendum. The court has the power to reject it outright.^[9] Many fully valid petitions with the necessary 500,000 signatures have never been accepted as referendums precisely for this reason.

If the Court of Cassation judges the petition to be valid, the referendum question must then be evaluated by theConstitutional Court, which is called to judge its admissibility. Unlike the Court of Cassation, which considers the conformity of the petition to ordinary law, the reference for the Constitutional Court's judgment is the Constitution.^[10]

If the Constitutional Court deems the referendum admissible, the President of the Republic has to set a date for the vote between April 15 and June 15.^{[citation needed]}

The final hurdle is that the result of the legislative referendum is only valid if at least a majority of all eligible voters go to the polling station and cast theirballot. If this quorum is not met, the referendum is invalid (which, in practice, means the law is not abolished).

The 2021 Italian budget law authorized for the collection of electronic signatures through a government run online platform, managed through the Italian online digital ID system SPID.^[11] Although the platform is not online, starting on July 1, 2021 citizens have been able to add signatures to referendums through a provisional process.

The new process has been noted for the speed at which it can collect signatures for referendums, with a referendum to decriminalize marijuana collecting 330,000 signatures in three days in due in large part to digital signatures.^[12]

The political party in Italy that is most closely associated with, and has made most use of, referendums in the last 40 years is theRadical Party led byMarco Pannella. They hold the record for most referendums presented. Despite only receiving around 2.5% of the popular vote in most national elections, the numerous referendums they have proposed over the years have often mobilised the entire Italian political spectrum in support or opposition. They will often use unconventional methods such as prolongedhunger strikes and/or thirst strikes by their leaders to draw attention to their cause. Their largest political battles came in the 1970s and 80's when they successfully campaigned for the right todivorce and the right toabortion.

Other groups have also made use of referendums to raise the profile of their own small political parties or their leaders or to raise awareness of their respective political agendas.^[13] Signatures for referendums have been collected by parties across the political spectrum from theNorthern League opposing a law on immigration in 1998 (this was ruled as inadmissible by the constitutional court when presented), all the way to theItaly of Values party when leaderAntonio Di Pietro collected signatures in 1998 for a change in the electoral law to a fullfirst past the post system. The Italian radical party and the right wingNational Alliance were also collecting signatures for the same exact petition on electoral reform at the same time as Di Pietro's party, showing that often parties from vastly different political beliefs will agree on the same themes that they feel should be subject to referendums.

However, often political parties who are even in the same coalition will have very diverse opinions with regard to referendums. A notorious example of this came in 1999 when the right-wingNational Alliance, led byGianfranco Fini, was collecting signatures for two referendums to abolish political party state financing and a change in electoral law to a full first past the post system, while the Italian Radicals and Di Pietro'sItaly of Values were also collecting signatures at the same time. Despite spending an enormous amount of manpower and party funds across all of Italy, his main partner in theHouse of Freedoms coalition,Forza Italia, led by former and soon to be Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi, offered no political or financial support. When voting for the referendums took place in 2000, Berlusconi almost abstained and said the vote was "mostly pointless" as he would take care of all reforms when he would return to power.

When the House of Liberties coalition returned to power in 2001, Berlusconi did not abolish political party financing and even reintroduced proportional representation into the electoral law. Critics pointed out that these new measures, approved even with the parliamentary votes of Alleanza Nazionale itself, were proof that Fini and his party had made a complete volte-face and abandoned some of their core political reforms in order to stay in power. It was also seen as proof that Fini's influence in the coalition was not as strong as many were led to believe.

A constitutional referendum can be requested by 500,000 voters, five regional councils, or one-fifth of the members of a house of parliament when Parliament adopts aconstitutional law (including a law to amend the constitution) with an absolute majority in the second vote, but without meeting a two-thirds qualified majority in each house. The referendum must be requested within three months from the publication of the bill in theOfficial Gazette.^[4]

Unlike a popular referendum, a constitutional referendum is confirmatory. This means a "Yes" vote is a vote in support of the constitutional law, whereas a "Yes" in a popular referendum is a vote for abolishing the law. Also unlike popular referendums, constitutional referendums are not subject to a quorum, meaning they are valid regardless of the turnout.

Italy has had four constitutional referendums in the history of the republic; two of which the constitutional law was approved in2001 and2020, and two in which it was rejected in2006 and2016.

Before the adoption of theConstitution of 1948, aunique referendum (calledreferendum on the institutional form of the State orinstitutional referendum in Italian)^[14][15][16] was held on 2 June 1946,^[17] Italians were asked to vote on the future form of government of Italy: retain themonarchy or become arepublic. The republic vote won 54.3% to 45.7%.

A specialadvisory referendum was held in 1989, on the question of transforming the European Communities into a European Union and of allowing the European Parliament to draft a European Constitution. This referendum was made possible byConstitutional Law no. 2 of 3 April 1989, which specifically provided for this referendum to be held.

Overall, Italians have been called on to decide on 72 national referendums: 67 popular referendums, 3 constitutional referendums, and the 2 ad hoc referendums described above. They approved 25 of them, rejected 18, and 28 were declared invalid because of low turnout.^[18]

Year	Referendum objective	Results		Outcome
		Republic	Monarchy
1946	Retaining the monarchy of theHouse of Savoy or establishing aRepublic.	54.27%	45.73%	YApproved

Year	Objective/s and Result/s																								Outcome
1974
	Outlawdivorce.																								N Rejected
	Yes												No
	40.74%												59.26%
1978
	Repealing a law that gave more power to thelaw enforcement but reducedcivil rights.												Endinggovernment funding for political parties.												N All Rejected
	Yes						No						Yes						No
	23.54%						76.46%						43.59%						56.41%
1981
	Liberalisingabortion laws.				Prohibitingabortion.					Repealing theReale Law regarding law enforcement and public order.					Rejectlife imprisonment as thecapital punishment.					Repeal thegun license law.
	Yes		No		Yes		No			Yes		No			Yes		No			Yes		No
	11.6%		88.4%		32.0%		68.0%			14.9%		85.1%			22.6%		77.4%			14.1%		85.9%
1985
	Restore thesliding wage scale.																								N Rejected
	Yes												No
	45.68%												54.32%
1987
	Abolish power of the state to oblige thelocal administrations to accept new nuclear plants in their territory.				Abolish rewards for local administrations which acceptednuclear, andcoal, plants in their territory.					Abolish the authorization forENEL to buildnuclear power plants outside Italy.					Abolish the law excluding any responsibility forjudicial errors.					Abolish the law excluding ministers from ordinaryprosecution.					Y All Approved
	Yes		No		Yes			No		Yes			No		Yes			No		Yes			No
	45.7%		11.0%		44.9%			11.4%		41.0%			16.0%		80.2%			19.8%		85.0%			15.0%
1990
	Repealing the law restrictinghunting.								Repealing the law allowing hunting onprivate properties.								Repealing the right of theItalian Ministry of Health to establish limits forpesticides.								NQuorum not met
	Yes				No				Yes				No				Yes				No
	92.2%				7.8%				92.3%				7.7%				93.5%				6.5%
1991
	Repealing the law on the number ofpreference votes.																								Y Approved
	Yes												No
	95.57%												4.43%
1993
	Repealing the law limiting intervention of local health units inenvironmental issues.			Repealing the law limiting the use ofmedicinal drugs.			Repealing thepolitical party financing law.			Repealing the law regulating the administration ofpublic banks.			Replacing proportional representation with "winner-takes-all" for theSenate elections.			Abolition of theMinistry of Agriculture.			Abolition of theMinistry of State Holdings			Abolition of theMinistry of Tourism			Y All Approved
	Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No
	82.5%		17.5%	55.3%		44.7%	90.3%		9.7%	89.8%		10.2%	82.7%		17.3%	70.1%		29.9%	90.1%		9.9%	82.2%		17.8%
1995
	First		Second		Third		Fourth		Fifth		Sixth		Seventh		Eighth		Ninth		Tenth		Eleventh		Twelfth		N 7 Rejected Y 5 Approved
	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
	49.99%	50.00%	62.1%	37.9%	56.2%	43.8%	64.7%	35.3%	63.7%	36.3%	54.9%	45.1%	35.6%	64.4%	43.0%	57.0%	44.3%	55.7%	43.6%	56.4%	37.5%	62.5%	49.4%	50.6%
1997
	First				Second				Third				Fourth			Fifth			Sixth			Seventh			NQuorum not met
	Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No
	74.1%		25.9%		71.7%		28.3%		80.9%		19.1%		83.6%		16.4%	65.5%		34.5%	85.6%		14.4%	66.9%		33.1%
1999
	Abolition ofmixed-member proportional representation for 25% of the seats in theChamber of Deputies.
	Yes												No
	91.52%												8.48%
2000
	First				Second				Third				Fourth			Fifth			Sixth			Seventh
	Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes		No		Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No	Yes		No
	71.1%		28.9%		82.0%		18.0%		70.6%		29.4%		69.0%		31.0%	75.2%		24.8%	33.4%		66.6%	61.8%		38.2%
2003
	Forcing small companies to re-employ illegitimately fired workers.												Refusal to allow electricity cables to be installed on private property.
	Yes						No						Yes						No
	86.7%						13.3%						85.6%						14.4%
2005
	Scrapping limitations on clinical andexperimental research on embryos.						Scrapping limits on access to research on embryos.						Scrapping the legal definition ofembryos as people.						AllowingIVF treatment with donatedsperm.
	Yes			No			Yes			No			Yes			No			Yes			No
	88.0%			12.0%			88.8%			11.2%			87.7%			12.3%			78.2%			21.8%
2009
	First								Second								Third
	Yes				No				Yes				No				Yes				No
	77.64%				22.36%				77.69%				22.31%				87.00%				13.00%
2011
	Repeal of law allowingprivatization of water services.						Repeal of law allowingnuclear power development.						Repeal of law modifying regulation ofpublic utilities.						Repeal of law modifying election rules.						Y All Approved
	Yes			No			Yes			No			Yes			No			Yes			No
	94.6%			5.4%			94.3%			5.7%			95.0%			5.0%			95.4%			4.6%
2016
	Repeal of a law allowing gas and oil drilling concessions extractinghydrocarbon within 12nautical miles of the Italian coast to be prolonged until the exhaustion of the useful life of the fields.																								NQuorum not met
	Yes												No
	85.85%												14.15%
2022
	Repeal of the Severino Law on ineligibility and prohibition from public office.				Limitation on pre-trial detention.					Separation of careers for judges and prosecutors.					Participation of lay members in evaluation of magistrates.					Abolition of requirement for judicial candidates to obtain 25 endorsements.
	Yes		No		Yes			No		Yes			No		Yes			No		Yes			No
	53.97%		46.3%		56.12%			43.88%		74.01%			25.99%		71.94%			28.07%		72.52%			27.48%
2025
	First				Second					Third					Fourth					Fifth
	Yes		No		Yes			No		Yes			No		Yes			No		Yes			No
	87.57%		12.43%		86.02%			13.98%		87.53%			12.47%		85.78%			14.22%		65.34%			34.66%

Year	Objective/s and Result/s				Outcome
2001
	Seeking ofamending theconstitution to give more powers to theregions of Italy.				YApproved
	Yes		No
	64.21%		35.79%
2006
	Transformation of Italy from aunitary state into afederal republic.				Rejected
	Yes		No
	38.71%		61.29%
2016
	Seeking approval of amending aconstitutional law to reform the composition and powers of theParliament of Italy.				Rejected
	Yes		No
	40.88%		59.81%
2020
	Reducing the number of members of Parliament from 630 to 400 in theChamber of Deputies, and from 315 to 200 in theSenate.				YApproved
	Yes		No
	69.96%		30.04%

Year	Objective/s and Result/s				Outcome
1989
	Non-binding referendum on theEuropean Union.				YApproved
	Yes		No
	88.07%		11.97%

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