| Part of theEthiopian Civil War | |
.jpg) Skull remains at"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum inAddis Ababa | |
| Native name | ቀይ ሽብር |
|---|---|
| Date | 23 September 1976 – 22 March 1978[1] |
| Location | Ethiopia |
| Type | Summary execution, systematicpurge,mass murder,politicide, considered agenocide by theEthiopian Federal Court |
| Cause |
|
| Motive | Consolidation ofDerg control overEthiopia |
| Deaths | 10,000–980,000 |
| Trial | SeeTrials of the Derg members |
| ||
|---|---|---|
Leader of Ethiopia 1974–1974, 1977–1987, 1984–1991 (1987–1991) Government
  | ||
TheEthiopian Red Terror, also known as theQey Shibir (Amharic:ቀይ ሽብር,romanized: ḳäy shəbbər), was a violentpolitical repression campaign of theDerg against other competingMarxist-Leninist groups inEthiopia and present-dayEritrea from 1976 to 1978. The Qey Shibir was an attempt to consolidate Derg rule during thepolitical instability after their overthrow ofEmperor Haile Selassie in 1974 and the subsequentEthiopian Civil War. The Qey Shibir was based on theRed Terror of theRussian Civil War, and most visibly took place afterMengistu Haile Mariam became chairman of the Derg on 3 February 1977. It is estimated that 10,000 to 980,000 people were killed over the course of the Qey Shibir.[2][3][4][5]
In 2006, Mengistu was convicted ofgenocidein absentia by Ethiopia for his role in the Qey Shibir while leader of the Derg.[6]
Following thedeposition of EmperorHaile Selassie on 12 September 1974, the Derg was faced with a number of civilian groups competing for control of Ethiopia, most notably theEthiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP). In September 1976, EPRP militants were arrested and executed, at the same time as the EPRP carried out an assassination campaign against ideologues and supporters of the Derg. This activity is known as White Terror. Although an unsuccessful attempt to kill Mengistu on 23 September was attributed to the EPRP, the first prominent victim of the EPRP's terroristic or insurgency activity was Dr. Feqre Mar'ed, a member of the Political Bureau andAll-Ethiopia Socialist Movement (MEISON), a rival revolutionary party.[7]
However, the Derg was split between then-temporary chair Colonel Mengistu and a faction allied against him, which limited his control. This rivalry was resolved at the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Derg on 3 February 1977, at which fifty-eight top Derg officers were killed in an hour-long shootout. Seven of these officers were opponents of Mengistu, including chairman and Lieutenant GeneralTafari Benti, CaptainAlmayahu Haile, Captain Mogas Wolde Mikael, and Lt. ColonelAsrat Desta, the latter being an avowedMarxist-Leninist. Mengistu said "We are doing whatLenin did. You cannot buildsocialism withoutRed Terror."[8][9] Two rivals to Mengistu were still alive: ColonelBerhanu Bayeh and Lt. ColonelAtnafu Abate. Col. Berhanu had sided with Mengistu, and Lt. Colonel Atnafu quickly sided with the victor of the bloodbath, leaving Mengistu as the undisputed head of the Derg, and ruler of Ethiopia.[10] A few days later, Mengistu turned his attention to his rivals outside of the Derg, foremost being the EPRP.
Mengistu officially began his campaign with a speech in Revolution Square (formerly and currentlyMeskel Square) in the heart ofAddis Ababa, which included the words "Death tocounterrevolutionaries! Death to the EPRP!". When he delivered these words, he produced three bottles of what appeared to be blood and smashed them to the ground to show what the revolution would do to its enemies.[11] This campaign involved organized groups of civilians, orkebeles, which within a month's time began to receive arms from the Derg. "Contrary to expectations," note researcher Marina Ottaway and then Washington Post correspondent David Ottaway in their account, "these squads did not all side with theDerg or heed its call to track down 'reactionaries' and 'anarchists'. Rather, many followed their own whim and law, in accordance to the political faction that controlled eachkebele or factory. Not only had numerous defense squads been infiltrated by the EPRP, but also those controlled by the Political Bureau were often bent on furthering the interests of MEISON rather than theDerg."[12]
The Ottaways date the height of the Red Terror in Addis Ababa to a search that began on 22 March 1977, when the Derg felt that they had armed enough civilian groups to permit a house-by-house search for EPRP members, arms, and other paraphernalia. However, the search was anything but systematic, the Ottways note, with "each squad a law unto itself. Some looked only for arms, but others confiscated food supplies, building materials, and gasoline; some considered cameras espionage equipment and others regarded typewriters as highly dangerous."[13] Despite many being taken from their homes in the middle of the night, some never to return home, few of the top leaders of the EPRP were among the dead.
A number of distinctly ugly incidents followed. One was at the Berhanena Selam Printing Press, where three days later a dozen workers were arrested for being EPRP members, then afterwards released for lack of evidence; on the morning of 26 March, nine of them were found murdered, including a woman in an advanced stage of pregnancy, which shocked the city. The deaths were found to be the responsibility of a certain Girma Kebede, and who was later found to be "the Political Bureau's chief executioner; he had already murdered twenty-four persons and had a list of over two hundred others he was supposed to liquidate." Embarrassed, the Derg had him and five associates executed as counterrevolutionaries on 2 April.[14]
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Despite this brutality, the EPRP continued to strike back, best as it could. As one contemporary report describes:
Events like this led to tension between the Dergjunta (and presumably Mengistu) and the civilian Political Bureau. Concern over the threat of the EPRP kept this tension from becoming a definite break until the eve ofMay Day, when the Political Bureau, on the pretext that an anti-government protest was in the offing, ordered thekebeles to arrest any young person suspected of being an EPRP member. According to the Ottaways, "Hundreds were arrested, taken to three different sites on the outskirts of Addis Ababa, and executed en masse. Scores of others were gunned down in the streets by the Derg's 'permanent secretaries', the jeeps mounted with machine guns constantly patrolling the streets of Addis Ababa. The death toll may have been as high as one thousand." Afterwards, the Derg disavowed this outrage and put the blame for the slaughter on the Political Bureau in a proclamation on 14 July. The Bureau's leaderHaile Fida and a group of his followers attempted to flee the capital the following August, but were caught.[16]
At the same time, the Red Terror made MEISON its next target. "Sensing danger," writes Bahru Zewde, "the leaders of the organization hastily tried to go underground. But almost all of them were either captured or killed in August 1977 as they tried to retreat into the countryside in several detachments."[17]
Thousands of men and women were rounded up and executed in the following two years.[11][6]Amnesty International estimates that the death toll could be as high as 500,000.[4] Groups of people were herded into churches that were then burned down, and women were subjected to systematic rape by soldiers.[18] TheSave the Children Fund reported that the victims of the Red Terror included not only adults but 1,000 or more children, mostly aged between eleven and thirteen, whose corpses were left in the streets of Addis Ababa.[9]
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The victims' lives are immortalized in the"Red Terror" Martyrs' Memorial Museum in Addis Ababa.
Mengistu was found guilty ofgenocidein absentia and was sentenced to life in prison in January 2007. After his conviction,Zimbabwe, where he received sanctuary due to friendship withRobert Mugabe, said it would not extradite him.[6] On 26 May 2008, the Ethiopian Supreme Court sentenced Mengistuin absentia todeath. Eighteen associates of Mengistu, 16 of whom are in Ethiopian prisons, also are under a death sentence. Two senior regime officials lived in the Italian embassy in Addis Ababa from 2008[19] until their death sentences were commuted and they were granted parole in 2020.[20] Another individual who was found guiltyin absentiain May 2002,Kelbessa Negewo, was returned from his exile in the United States several years later to serve a life sentence.[21]
In November 2022, two weeks after the final ceasefire of theTigray war, documentarian Ruth Hunduma interviewed her mother, Tsehay Ayele, a survivor of the Red Terror. The resulting film was then released in 2023 under the title ofThe Medallion, named after the ornament Ayele received as a parting gift from her Egyptian employer, whom she worked for while taking refuge during the Red Terror and who instructed her to sell it in case of an emergency.The Medallion was later released online byThe New Yorker.[22][23]
