Red August (simplified Chinese:红八月;traditional Chinese:紅八月;pinyin:Hóng Bāyuè) is a term used to indicate a period ofpolitical violence andmassacres inBeijing beginning in August 1966, during theCultural Revolution.^[1][2][3] According to official statistics published in 1980 after the end of the Cultural Revolution,Red Guards in Beijing killed a total of 1,772 people during Red August, while 33,695 homes were ransacked and 85,196 families were forcibly displaced.^[1][4][5] However, according to official statistics published in November 1985, the number of deaths in Beijing during Red August was 10,275.^[5][6][7]

On August 18, 1966, ChairmanMao Zedong met withSong Binbin, a leader of the Red Guards, atopTiananmen.^[8][9] This event instigated a wave of violence and mass killings in the city by the Red Guards, who also started a campaign to destroy the "Four Olds".^{[1][4][9][10]} The killings by the Red Guards also impacted several rural districts in Beijing, such as in theDaxing Massacre, in which 325 people were killed from August 27 to September 1 in theDaxing District of Beijing.^[11][12][13] Meanwhile, a number of people, including notable writersLao She,Zhou Zuoren andChen Mengjia, committed suicide or attempted suicide after being persecuted.^{[1][11][14][15]} During the massacres, Mao Zedong publicly opposed any governmental intervention against the student movement, andXie Fuzhi, the Minister ofMinistry of Public Security, instructed police and public security organizations to protect the Red Guards instead of arresting them.^{[10][16][17][18][19]} However, the situation had begun to spiral out of control by the end of August 1966, forcing theCentral Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chinese government to take multiple interventions which gradually brought the massacres to an end.^[18][20]

Red August is considered the origin of the Red Terror in the Chinese Cultural Revolution.^{[1][10][21][22][23]} It has also been compared withNazi Germany'sKristallnacht,^{[24][25][26][27][28][29]} as well as with theNanjing Massacre conducted by theJapanese military during theSecond Sino-Japanese War.^{[27][28][29][30][31]} With theSino-Soviet split in the 1960s, theSoviet Union ridiculed and criticized Mao's Cultural Revolution fiercely,^[32][33] and some publications in USSR andEastern Bloc also compared Mao meeting Red Guards on Tiananmen toAdolf Hitler giving speeches to his supporters.^[34]

On May 16, 1966,Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution inmainland, China.^[10] On August 5,Bian Zhongyun, the first vice principal of theExperimental High School Attached to Beijing Normal University, was beaten to death by a group ofRed Guards—mostly her students—and became the first education worker in Beijing killed by the Red Guards.^{[1][8][10][21][35]}

On August 18, 1966, Mao Zedong met withSong Binbin, a leader of the Red Guards, atopTiananmen of Beijing.^[8][9] Mao asked Song Binbin whether the "Bin" in hergiven name was the same Chinese character as that inChinese idiom "Wen Zhi Bin Bin (文质彬彬)" meaning a person of culture; upon receiving confirmation, Mao commented that, "You'd better fight" (Yao Wu Ma 要武嘛), referring to themartial aspect as opposed to the cultural one.^{[1][8][9][10][36]} After this meeting, the morale of the Red Guards was significantly boosted, triggering their massive slaughter in Beijing.^[1][9] In particular, on August 25, 1966, thousands of Red Guards started a week-long massacre in Langan Market (榄杆市) of theChongwen District.^[9][18] At the same time, Red Guards launched a nationwide campaign to destroy the "Four Olds".^[1][9] In Beijing alone, a total of 4,922 historic sites were ruined, and the Red Guards burned 2.3 million books as well as 3.3 million paintings, art objects, and pieces of furniture.^[4][10]

On August 22, 1966, Mao approved a document from theMinistry of Public Security, ordering "do not use police force—no exception—to intervene or suppress the movement of revolutionary students".^[4][37] On the following day, Mao gave a talk at a Work Conference of theCentral Committee of CCP, publicly supporting the student movement and opposing any intervention to the "Cultural Revolution of students":^[16][38]

In my view, Peking is not all that chaotic. The students held a meeting of 100,000 and then captured the murderers. This caused some panic. Peking is too gentle. Appeals have been issued, [but after all] there are very few hooligans. Stop interfering for the time being. It is still too early to say anything definite about the reorganization of the center of the [Youth] League; let us wait four months. Decisions taken hurriedly can do only harm. Work teams were dispatched in a hurry; the left was struggled against in a hurry; meetings of 100,000 were called in a hurry; appeals were issued in a hurry; opposition to the new municipal [party] committee of Peking was said, in a hurry, to be tantamount to an opposition to the [party] Center. Why is it impermissible to oppose? I have issued a big character poster myself, 'Bombard the Headquarters!' Some problems have to be settled soon. For instance, the workers, peasants, and soldiers should not interfere with the students' great Cultural Revolution. Let the students go into the street. What is wrong with their writing big-character posters or going into the street? Let foreigners take pictures. They take shots to show aspects of our backward tendencies. But it does not matter. Let the imperialists make a scandal about us.

On August 26,Xie Fuzhi, the Minister ofMinistry of Public Security, also ordered to protect the Red Guards and not arrest them, claiming that it wasnot incorrect for the Red Guards to beat "bad people" and it was fine if the "bad people" were killed.^{[10][17][18][19][39]} On the next day,Daxing Massacre broke out in theDaxing District of Beijing.^[11][12][13] And in his subsequent meetings with top public security officials from different provinces, Xie reiterated his point of view that the killings made by Red Guards were not public security issues and it would be a mistake if the public security was to arrest the Red Guards.^{[4][17][18][37]}

By the end of August 1966, the situation had grown out of control, forcing the Central Committee of CCP and the Chinese government to take multiple interventions, which gradually brought the massacres to an end.^[18][20] On September 5,People's Daily published an article (用文斗, 不用武斗) calling for an end to the violent combat and massacres.^[40]

Nevertheless, millions of Red Guards continued to arrive in Beijing to see Mao Zedong at Tiananmen Square on several occasions, including September 15, October 1 and so on.^[19]

During Red August, killing methods by the Red Guards included beating, torture, whipping, strangling, trampling, boiling, beheading and so on.^[8][9] In particular, the method used to kill most infants and children was knocking them against the ground or slicing them in half.^[9][41][42]

• According to official statistics published in 1980, from August to September in 1966, a total of 1,772 people—including teachers and principals of many schools—were killed in Beijing byRed Guards, while 33,695 homes were ransacked and 85,196 families were forced to leave Beijing.^{[1][4][5][36][43]}
• During theDaxing Massacre, 325 people were killed from August 27 to September 1 in theDaxing District of Beijing.^[11][12][13] Even though most researchers think that the number of deaths in Daxing Massacre was already included in the total death toll in Beijing (i.e., 1,772), some researchers disagree and argue that the number of deaths in rural districts such asDaxing andChangping were not counted in the municipal data of Beijing.^[44] The oldest victim killed during the Daxing Massacre was 80 years old, while the youngest was only 38 days old; 22 families were wiped out.^[1][9][12]
• According to official statistics published in November 1985, the death toll during Red August was 10,275, while 92,000 homes were ransacked and 125,000 families were forced to leave Beijing.^[5][6][7]

Red August of Beijing is regarded as the origin ofRed Terror in the Chinese Cultural Revolution, instigating Red Guards' movement in multiple cities includingShanghai,Guangzhou,Nanjing andXiamen, where local political leaders, intellectuals, teachers and members of theFive Black Categories were persecuted and even killed by the Red Guards.^{[1][22][23][25][28][45][46]}

• In Beijing, Red Guards from Beijing No.6 High School established a private prison on campus, where they wrote "Long Live Red Terror!" on a wall using blood of the victims who they beat or even killed.^[22][47]
• In Shanghai, local Red Guards ransacked 84,222 houses of "bourgeois" families, and 1,231 of them were the homes of intellectuals or teachers.^[10] On September 3, 1966, notable translatorFu Lei and his wife committed suicide after being tortured and humiliated by Red Guards since the end of August.^[48] Red Guards from Beijing also travelled to Shanghai and participated in the local student movement, includingviolent struggles.^[46] For example, on September 15, eleven Red Guards fromBeijing Foreign Studies University went to Shanghai and teamed up with Red Guards fromShanghai Foreign Language School, chanting "Long Live Red Terror" while persecuting 31 teachers in total.^[28]

There has been comparison between the date "18 August 1966", which was the key point during Red August, and theKristallnacht, which was the prelude ofNazi Germany'sHolocaust.^{[24][25][26][27][28][29]} Moreover, Red August along with the subsequent massacres across China during the Cultural Revolution has also been compared to theNanjing Massacre conducted by theJapanese military during theSecond Sino-Japanese War.^{[27][28][29][30][31]}

• Red Terror
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• Mao Zedong's cult of personality

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• Massacres in 1966
• 1966 in Beijing
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• Massacres committed by the People's Republic of China
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