Red is the fourth studio album by the American singer-songwriterTaylor Swift. It was released on October 22, 2012, throughBig Machine Records. Inspired by a breakup that left behind emotional tumult, Swift framedRed as abreakup album that chronicles the aftermath of a failed relationship.
The songs onRed depict the complex and conflicting feelings ensuing from lost love. To convey those sentiments through music, Swift enlisted new producers to experiment with styles other than thecountry pop sound of her past albums. She producedRed withNathan Chapman,Dann Huff,Max Martin,Shellback,Jeff Bhasker,Dan Wilson,Jacknife Lee, andButch Walker. Regarded by critics as a primarilypop album, it incorporates eclectic styles ofrock,folk, andcountry, featuring bothacoustic instruments andelectronic arrangements ofsynths anddrum machines. Swift promotedRed as a country album, although music critics debated its genre classification and questioned her identity as a country artist.
AfterSpeak Now, Swift continued working with Chapman on her next album.[8] By October 2011, she had written around 25 songs.[9] Although executives at Big Machine felt that the materials were sufficient and congratulated her for finishing work within one year, Swift felt that her creativity was diminished because she had been repeating the same songwriting process.[10] She sought to collaborate with other producers to venture outside of her "comfort zone" of writing songs alone.[10] While Swift viewed the solo-writtenSpeak Now as her statement as a songwriter, she envisioned her fourth studio album as a statement of her "thirst for learning".[11] She reworked the new album while touring on theSpeak Now World Tour from 2011 to 2012.[12]
Swift recalled working on her fourth studio album within two years—she wrote songs by herself and produced them with Chapman within the first year, and engaged other producers within the second year. According to Swift, she recruited producers with whom she had not worked, but whose works had instilled curiosities in her.[10][12] While experimenting sonically, she prioritized conveying emotional sentiments through her lyrics over what particular sounds she should pursue, as with her typical approach.[13] On songs that Swift co-wrote, she first presented her co-writers with the feelings she had been going through, played a rough version of her song on guitar, and asked for their ideas on ways to better convey the story.[8] Each track's production corresponded to the emotion it portrayed, to which Swift attributed the album's "eclectic blend of music".[10]
Production sessions took place in between stops of the Speak Now World Tour during 2011–2012.[14] The first song that Swift wrote was "All Too Well"; during a February 2011 rehearsal of the tour, shead-libbed lyrics written after a broken relationship while playing a four-chord guitarriff as her touring band spontaneously played backing instruments.[11] Swift toldRolling Stone that this relationship caused "a few roller coasters", and she channeled the tumult into the songs.[14] She continued writing tracks like "Red" and "State of Grace" and produced them with Chapman in her creative base ofNashville, Tennessee.[11] "Red" was a critical point during the album's formation;[8] Big Machine's presidentScott Borchetta overheard the production and suggested a pop-oriented sound.[15] After several failed attempts at the desired outcome, Swift asked Borchetta to recruitMax Martin, a Swedish producer known for his chart-topping pop songs.[8][15] Swift travelled to Los Angeles to work with Martin and his frequent collaboratorShellback, who produced the songs "22", "I Knew You Were Trouble", and "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together".[15]
Swift and Chapman produced the final version of "Red" withDann Huff, and the three produced two more tracks: "Starlight" and "Begin Again".[12] She engagedJeff Bhasker because she was intrigued by his drum production, citing "We Are Young" (2011) by the indie bandFun as an example.[10][16] Bhasker produced two songs: "Holy Ground" and "The Lucky One".[17] She wrote "Everything Has Changed" with the English singer-songwriterEd Sheeran and produced it withButch Walker, andDan Wilson co-wrote and produced "Treacherous".[12] "The Last Time" is a collaboration of Swift with the Irish-Scottish bandSnow Patrol:Gary Lightbody co-wrote and featured as a guest vocalist, andJacknife Lee produced it.[8][12] Swift named the albumRed, denoting the color to which she associated the tumultuous and extreme emotions that she was experiencing—"intense love, intense frustration, jealousy, confusion".[18][19] By the time recording began, Swift had written more than 30 songs, and 16 of which made the final cut of the standard edition; Swift was the sole writer of nine tracks as well as two tracks from the deluxe edition.[11][16]
Red incorporates various styles of pop, rock, andfolk,[20][21][22] namelydance-pop,indie pop,dubstep,Britrock,pop rock, and arena rock.[a] The arrangements of its songs includeacoustic instruments, electronicsynths, anddrum machines.[20] CallingRed her "only true breakup album", Swift said that the diverse musical styles were a "metaphor for how messy a real breakup is".[11] Its first half consists of country and pop songs intertwined with each other;[28] "22", "I Knew You Were Trouble", and "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" have a pop production that incorporates electronic vocal processing andhip-hop-influencedbass drums.[29][30] "State of Grace", "Red", and "Holy Ground" expand on the 1980s arena-rock stylings ofSpeak Now,[26][31] while "All Too Well", "I Almost Do", "Stay Stay Stay", "Sad Beautiful Tragic", and "Begin Again" feature the country sound of Swift's earlier music.[32][33][34]
Critics were divided on the album's genre classification. Jon Dolan's review forRolling Stone appeared in the magazine's column for country music, but he described its musical foundation as "post-country rock".[35] Some reviewers commented thatRed blurred the divide between country and pop,[28][36] while others called it a straightforward pop album with contemporary influences,[32][37][38] deeming it Swift's inevitable move away from country into mainstream pop.[39][40][41]Jon Caramanica ofThe New York Times regarded Swift as a "pop star in a country context more than a country star" and argued thatRed was the culmination of a gradual progress since her debut album to expand beyond the limitations of country music.[29] In his article forGrantland,Steven Hyden argued thatRed's broad musical styles made it a country album as much as a pop or rock one.[42] Some retrospective reviews labeledRed as country pop,[11][43] arena rock,[26] country rock,[43] or pop rock.[44]
Blue (1971) byJoni Mitchell (pictured) inspired Swift's songwriting onRed.
Swift's songwriting influences onRed include the Chilean poetPablo Neruda and the Canadian singer-songwriterJoni Mitchell. In the album's physical booklet, she quotes a line from Naruda's poemTonight I Can Write The Saddest Lines, "Love is so short, forgetting is so long."[45][46] She was inspired by Mitchell's 1971 albumBlue for how it "explores somebody's soul so deeply".[47] Several journalists opined thatBlue also influenced the cover artwork ofRed, which shows Swift looking downward with her face partially shadowed from her brimmed hat.[48][27][49] InThe Atlantic, Brad Nelson argued that Swift's songcraft uses details and narrative devices that resemble the styles ofrock and roll musicians such asSteely Dan,Bruce Springsteen, andLeonard Cohen.[50]
Using autobiographical songwriting,Red is about the aftermath of an intense breakup, detailing loss, pain, abandonment, and regrets.[19][51][52] According to Swift, most of the album was inspired by an ex-boyfriend who later contacted her after listening to it and described the experience as "bittersweet ... like going through a photo album".[41] Whereas her previous albums contain fantasy-driven narratives with happy endings,Red explores the uneasy reality of how a relationship can painfully end;[48] Caramanica wrote, "Almost everything here is corroded in some way."[29] Each song is contained within a fixed scene and narrative with defined characters, informed by the storytelling aspect of country songwriting.[23][51][53]
Reflecting Swift's personal experience,Red details her recurring themes of love and heartbreak, but from a more complex perspective gained from her early-20s adulthood.[41][50][54] Nelson wrote thatRed sees Swift no longer putting the blame solely on ex-lovers and instead viewing heartbreak with "ambiguity",[50] while Emily Yoshida fromVulture opined that there are moments of vulnerability that "feel wise beyond the 22 years Swift was".[51] There are allusions to sexuality on tracks like "State of Grace", "Treacherous", and "Stay Stay Stay";[29][55] writing forNPR, J. English regarded this new theme as Swift'scoming of age and her first-hand experience and exploration in womanhood, a departure from her past albums which had hinted at sex but from an outsider's perspective.[23]
"State of Grace" is an arena-rock song that features chiming guitars and dynamic drums, and its lyrics are about the tumultuous feelings stemming from romantic beginnings.[48][56] According to themusicologist James E. Perone, the lyric, "Love is a ruthless game, unless you play it good and right", sets the overall theme of an album about passionate romance gone wrong.[57] The title track explores an intense relationship that has failed,[57] relating the stages of love to colors: "losing him" is blue, "missing him" is a dark gray, and "loving him" is red.[58] It is built on an acoustic arrangement consisting of string instruments of acoustic guitar,banjitar,cello,fiddle, andbouzouki, which display a country sound,[57] while also featuring electronic vocal manipulation and elements of mainstream pop,soft rock, andadult contemporary.[59] "Treacherous", which begins with slow guitar strumming and percussion and gradually builds up,[28][48] is about attempting to protect a fragile relationship.[33]
"I Knew You Were Trouble" incorporatesdubstep and pulsingsynthesizers in its chorus, a style that critics deemed widely different from the music in Swift's previous songs.
"I Knew You Were Trouble" has a pop-rock production in its verses, and its refrain begins with a dubstepdrop and continues with aggressive synth backing and hip hop-influencedsyncopated percussion.[48][57] In the lyrics of "I Knew You Were Trouble", Swift's character blames herself for a toxic relationship that has ended.[29] Critics considered the song widely different from the music that Swift had explored on her past albums: Perone said that the track's dynamic shifts between the verses were "sudden and unexpected",[22] and Caramanica wrote that the dubstep drop was "a wrecking ball, changing the course not just of the song but also of Ms. Swift's career".[29] "All Too Well", considered by critics the emotional centerpiece of the album's narrative,[11] has a slow-building production withoverdubs of acoustic guitar,electric guitar, bass, drums, and harmony vocals.[60] It chronicles a lost relationship from the peak of romance to the lingering memories after it has ended.[28][38]
"22" is about celebrating the joys of being youthful by going out and meeting new people to move on from heartbreak.[23][53] Its verses are driven by acoustic guitar, and its refrain incorporates adance-influenced arrangement consisting of electronic synths and hip hop-influenced bass drums.[29][61] According to Perone, the arrangement of "I Almost Do" is derived from Swift's early country songs: its verses are formed on short melodicmotives and Swift's lowerregister vocals, while its refrain has a longerrange in Swift's vocals. The song displays elements of country and folk via acoustic guitars and open string notes in the texture.[62] In "I Almost Do", Swift's character wonders what she would do if an ex-lover asked her to come back to him, and she admits she would likely agree to do so.[62] Her character in "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", meanwhile, promises an ex-lover that they will never rekindle their relationship.[28] Swift's vocals in the song are electronically processed,[63] and its production features an acoustic guitar arrangement alongside other stylistic embellishments including filtered guitar tones, synths, and hip hop-influenced bass drums.[37][63] "Stay Stay Stay", a fast-tempo song combining styles of country and 1980s pop,[63] featurestoy piano,ukulele,mandolin, and hand claps, and its lyrics are about two lovers trying to reconcile after a fight.[29][38]
"The Last Time", a duet with Lightbody, is a melancholicpower ballad that begins with piano andcrescendoes with strings and electric guitars.[64] Perone compared its production with the music of late-1970s and early-1980s rock bands but with amuted texture.[65] Lightbody's and Swift's characters detail their perspectives on a failing long-term relationship in the first and second verses,[65] and the refrain is backed by anorchestra playing intense strings andbrass.[63][66] In "Holy Ground", Swift's character reminisces about an absent lover and the specific memories of their past.[65] It is acountry rock andheartland rock track with persistent drums and a recurring guitar riff.[38][50] "Sad Beautiful Tragic", an intimate and melancholic acoustic track,[28][33] is composed of overdubs of acoustic instruments.[67] She wrote the song when reminiscing about a relationship that had ended "months before", which evoked wistful feelings.[68] Perone commented that "Sad Beautiful Tragic" extended the "lyrical impressionism" of Swift's songwriting by using various images without drawing a straightforward connection between them.[67] "The Lucky One" incorporates a driving drum machine and has a soft-rock,[23]indie rock,[32] and 1960s pop-rock sound.[67] Written inthird-person perspective, the lyrics tell the story of a successful singer who looked "like a '60s queen" in her high-school days, was envied by her friends after achieving fame in "the angels' city",[67] and ultimately "chose the rose garden overMadison Square".[28][38]
Red's closing track, "Begin Again", is acountryballad. Themusicologist James E. Perone commented that this solidified country as an important aspect of Swift's artistry.
"Everything Has Changed", a duet with Sheeran, is a mid-tempo acoustic guitar-led ballad[28] that incorporates deep bass drums.[69] Perone commented that the song's arrangement is similar to the music from Swift's debut album, using "a high degree of syncopation" at thesixteenth note level. In the song, Swift and Sheeran sing about the beginnings of a new romance, alternating their lead vocals in the verses.[69] Swift was inspired to write "Starlight" by the teenage romance ofEthel Kennedy andRobert F. Kennedy.[70] In the lyrics, Swift's character reminisces about meeting her lover one evening in the "summer of '45" and how they intruded a "yacht club party" and danced "like [they] were made of starlight".[35][69] Containing an electric guitarsolo,[69] "Starlight" is a dance-pop song[38] that Perone deemed "vaguely contemporary country pop in nature".[69] In the closing track of the standard edition, "Begin Again", Swift's character explores how a newfound love interest differs from her ex-lovers, giving her hopes of a new romance. According to Perone, that the genre-spanningRed concludes with a country ballad confirms country music as an integral part of Swift's musical identity.[34]
The deluxe edition ofRed includes three extra original songs: "The Moment I Knew", "Come Back ... Be Here", and "Girl at Home"; demo recordings of "Treacherous" and "Red"; and an acoustic version of "State of Grace".[71] "The Moment I Knew" is a somber pop-rockpiano ballad;[55] its lyrics were inspired by Swift's 21st birthday: her narrator realizes that the relationship is coming to an end when she keeps staring at the door, hoping her boyfriend would appear to celebrate her birthday party, but he never comes.[72] "Come Back... Be Here", with a 2000s adult-contemporary-oriented sound, has lyrics about a long-distance relationship with few chances to endure.[73] "Girl at Home", a 1980s-styledfolk-pop song with elements of electronic music and country,[74][75][76] details a woman's contempt for a flirtatious man who is in a relationship with another woman.[71]
Swift and Big Machine implemented an extensive marketing plan forRed, encompassing brand endorsements, multimedia promotions, and song releases.[77] She announced the album on August 13, 2012, via a livewebchat held onGoogle Hangouts.[78] Her corporate partnerships included album distribution deals at retail sites byStarbucks,Walgreens,Walmart, andPapa John's, and an exclusive merchandise line withKeds.[77][79] Both the standard and deluxe editions were released on October 22, 2012.[77] In the United States, the standard edition was available in digital and physical formats, and the deluxe edition was available exclusively for physical purchase atTarget.[77]
A day after the release, Swift began a cycle of television appearances in the United States, which includedGood Morning America (October 23),Late Show with David Letterman (October 23),The View (October 24),The Ellen DeGeneres Show (October 25),Katie (October 26), and20/20 (October 26).[79] She gave interviews to as many as 72 radio stations, mostly in the United States and some from South Africa, New Zealand, Spain, Germany, and Mexico. On social media, Swift encouraged her fans to ask their local radio stations to air her songs.[77] Her live performances at awards shows included theMTV Video Music Awards,[80] theCountry Music Association Awards,[81] and theAmerican Music Awards.[82] In November 2012, she embarked on a promotional tour in Japan, appearing onNippon Television's showSukkiri and giving an interview to the radio stationInterFM.[83] On a promotional tour forRed in France in 2013, she gave a private concert to fans and journalists in Paris, and appeared at theNRJ Music Awards.[84]
"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" was released as the lead single on August 13, 2012.[85] It was Swift's first number-one single on theBillboard Hot 100.[86] AfterBillboard revised theHot Country Songs chart to include downloads and streaming in addition to airplay, the single spent 10 weeks at number one due to strong digital sales.[87][88] Elsewhere, it topped the Canadian and New Zealand singles charts and peaked in the top 10 in Australia, Japan, Norway, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[b] During a four-week countdown to the album's release, from September 24 to October 22, Swift previewed one album track each week viaGood Morning America: "Begin Again", "Red", "I Knew You Were Trouble", and "State of Grace".[92][93] "Begin Again" and "Red" were released to UScountry radio as singles,[94][95] and they both peaked in the top 10 ofCountry Airplay.[96] "I Knew You Were Trouble" was released to USpop radio on November 27, 2012;[97] it peaked atop thePop Songs chart for seven weeks, reached number two on theBillboard Hot 100, and peaked in the top 10 in Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.[c] Other singles were "22" and "Everything Has Changed", which reached the top 10 in the United Kingdom,[101] and "The Last Time".[102]
DespiteRed's promotion as a country album, its diverse musical styles sparked a media debate over Swift's status as a country artist.[103] Its two most successful singles, "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" and "I Knew You Were Trouble", were successful pop hits that had little impact on country radio.[104]Spin arguedRed was difficult to categorize because country music was "the most dynamically vibrant pop genre of the last decade or so".[105] Critics commented that Swift had always been more pop-oriented than country, and they describedRed as her inevitable move to mainstream pop.[106] In an interview withThe Wall Street Journal, Swift said that country music "feels like home" and responded to the critical debate: "I leave the genre labeling to other people."[107]
Swift announced the first North American leg ofthe Red Tour on October 26, 2012. Its first 58 dates began inOmaha, Nebraska, visited Canada and the United States throughout the spring and summer of 2013, and concluded in September in Nashville, Tennessee.[108][109] To support a high demand, Swift held the concerts in sports arenas and stadiums.[108] After the North American leg, the Red Tour visited Australasia,[110] the United Kingdom,[111] Germany,[112] and Asia.[113]
The Red Tour broke several revenue records. The four shows atStaples Center in Los Angeles extended Swift's total of sold-out shows to 11, making her the solo artist with the most sold-out shows at the venue.[114] She was the first female artist to sell out theSydney Football Stadium since its opening in 1988.[115] Tickets for theShanghai show sold out within 60 seconds, setting the Chinese record for the fastest sellout.[113] When it ended in June 2014, the Red Tour had grossed $150.2 million and became the highest-grossing tour by a country artist of all time.[116]
In the United States,Red debuted at number one on theBillboard 200 with first-week sales of 1.208 million copies. It surpassedGarth Brooks'sDouble Live (1998) as the fastest-selling country album and, together withSpeak Now, made Swift the first female solo artist to have two million-selling albums within one week.[79][117]Red spent seven non-consecutive weeks at number one on theBillboard 200, making Swift the first female artist and the first overall sincethe Beatles in 1969 to have three consecutive studio albums each spend six or more weeks atop the chart.[118][d] Its number-one position for the week ending December 23, 2012, marked Swift's third consecutive time—afterFearless andSpeak Now—to have a number-one album during the last week before Christmas, which is traditionally the most competitive week of the year.[120]
OnBillboard'sTop Country Albums chart,Red spent 16 weeks at number one and was the year-end number-one album of both 2012 and 2013.[121] It was the second-best-selling album of 2012 in the United States with 3.11 million copies sold after two months of sales,[122] and surpassed 3.84 million copies after one year of release.[123] The album had sold 4.582 million US copies as of January 2024,[124] and it wascertified eight-times platinum for surpassing eight millionalbum-equivalent units by theRecording Industry Association of America in October 2025.[125]
Red sold 2.8 million copies worldwide after less than one month of release,[126] 5.2 million by the end of 2012—the global second-best-selling album of the year,[127] and 8 million by August 2014.[128] The album reached number one on charts in Australia,[129] Canada,[130] New Zealand,[131] Ireland,[132] and Scotland.[133] It received platinum or highercertifications in Australia (five-times platinum),[134] Canada (four-times platinum),[135] and New Zealand (six-times platinum).[136] In the United Kingdom,Red was Swift's first number-one album and had four top-10 singles, the most of her albums; it had sold 619,000 copies as of June 2021 and was certified triple platinum by theBritish Phonographic Industry in January 2025.[101][137]
Upon its release,Red received generally positive reviews from music critics, although there were a mix of complimentary and dismissive reviews.[77][145] On the review aggregator websiteMetacritic, the album received aweighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 23 reviews in mainstream publications.[139]
Many reviews praised Swift's songwriting for its emotional exploration;[146][147] they regardedRed as a pivotal album for Swift, citing its themes of adulthood and real-life experiences as a representation of her maturity.[f] Dolan highlighted the "stark-relief emotional mapping" that recalled the singer-songwriters Joni Mitchell andCarole King,[35] whileEntertainment Weekly's Melissa Maerz hailed the detail-heavy narratives of songs like "All Too Well",[142] andThe Observer's Alex Macpherson remarked that Swift was able to "pull you inside her break-up narratives" with her use of language.[148]The Guardian's Kate Mossman commented that the many emotions onRed made it "one of the finest fantasies pop music has ever constructed".[143] Nelson opined that Swift's songwriting onRed became sharper and more nuanced;[50] in his retrospective review forPitchfork, he highlighted a "newfound patience" to her perspectives that resulted in multi-dimensional songs.[48] In a more measured praise,Stephen Thomas Erlewine fromAllMusic opined that the lyrics were at times "on the nose".[37]American Songwriter's Jewly Hight commented that although Swift's songwriting outlook was occasionally one-sided, it was still more accomplished than "plenty of songwriters twice her age".[40]
The production received mixed reviews, with the pop-leaning tracks being particularly divisive.[146][149]Consequence of Sound's Jon Bernstein likened this reaction to thecontroversy whenBob Dylan "went electric".[150] On a positive side,Billboard opined that the album pushed Swift's to artistic heights with successful experimentations.[28] Erlewine highlighted the "pristine pop confections" and remarked that she deftly executed the diverse musical styles,[37] while Caramanica and Randall Roberts of theLos Angeles Times commented that the genre-spanning styles showcased a bold and worthwhile transition.[29][39] Less complimentary reviews fromSlant Magazine's Jonathan Keefe andThe A.V. Club's Michael Gallucci deemed the broad musical styles ambitious but inconsistent, which preventedRed from being a truly great pop album.[38][54] On a more critical side, Mesfin Fekadu of theAssociated Press wrote that the experimentations did not always succeed, resulting in an "empty" sound compared toFearless andSpeak Now,[151] while James Lachno ofThe Daily Telegraph deemed the production bloated and commented that it would be better had Swift abandoned country altogether.[36]
Within weeks after the initial reviews, several critics defended the album. Channing Freeman ofSputnikmusic opined that the criticism towards the pop-leaning production was due tosexism, citing several online reviews that focused on Swift's love life and undermined her musicianship. He wrote that by embracing "pure pop sensibilities", the album became a distillation of all the conflicting emotions she had explored in her lyricism.[152] InPopMatters, Nathan Wisnicki commented that the mixed reviews were a result of music journalism's tendency to pigeonhole Swift into a specific genre. He argued thatRed showed Swift as both a deft songwriter and a great pop artist, which made her worthy of being representative of her generation,Millennials.[153] The rock criticRobert Christgau viewedRed as Swift's attempt to approximateStephin Merritt on69 Love Songs, writing that while she "hits the mark less often than Merritt – 65 or 70 percent", the ambitious reach "forces her to aim higher" and resulted in songs that "hit just as hard", like "Begin Again", "Stay Stay Stay", and "the feisty ones".[144]
Various publications featuredRed on their lists of the best albums of 2012. The album was ranked in the top 10 byBillboard,Newsday,MTV News;[162][163][164] top 20 byThe Guardian andStereogum;[165][166] top 30 byPopMatters,[167] and top 50 byRolling Stone andSpin, who additionally included it in their list of the year's best country albums.[168][169][170] On the mass critics' pollPazz & Jop byThe Village Voice, it ranked 17th based on aggregate scores of all voters, earning votes from 34 critics.[171] Caramanica ranked it second on his list of 2012's best albums (behindEmeli Sandé'sOur Version of Events).[172]
Although its diverse styles were met with mixed reactions upon release from critics and fans, who took issue with the pop-leaning direction,Red has been considered by critics as a career-defining album for Swift.[149] They highlight the genre-blending sound as a bold and successful endeavor that laid the groundwork to Swift's full transition to pop music.[g]—Pitchfork opined that the eclectic production expanded Swift's songcraft to reach higher standards,[174] while some critics opined that the pop songwriting influenced Swift's more streamlined writing on her later albums.[149][175] According toi-D, the album turned the "arena-rock-meets-country-pop" sound into her signature.[176] Meanwhile, Hyden opined that it solidified Swift's status as a genre-agnostic musician capable of turning any sound into her own.[42]Red's themes of heartbreak and sexuality during early adulthood marked her evolution to embrace more complex and subtle songwriting perspectives on relationships in subsequent albums.[23][149][177]
Several critics have regardedRed as Swift'smagnum opus,[145][149] and it has frequently been ranked by publications in the upper tier of her entire discography,[h] being ranked as her best album byThe A.V. Club,i-D, theStar Tribune, andPaste.[i] The criticRob Sheffield wrote that the album established Swift as both the representative pop songwriter of her generation and one of the greatest songwriters of all time.[183] Publications that rankedRed among the best albums of the 2010s includeAtwood Magazine,The Independent, andPitchfork;[184][185][186] it was ranked within the top 10 byBillboard,Rolling Stone,Stereogum,Uproxx, and theTampa Bay Times,[j] whileTaste of Country ranked it as one of the best country albums of the decade.[192]Rolling Stone ranked it at number 99 on its 2023 revision of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" and number 36 on its 2025 list of "The 250 Greatest Albums of the 21st Century So Far",[21][193] andPaste featured the album at number 171 on their 2025 list "The 300 Greatest Albums of All Time".[194]
Red was released when Swift's popularity became increasingly intertwined withtabloid gossip that routinely publicized her love life and associated her songs to her ex-boyfriends, leading tomisogynistic criticism that trivialized her songwriting.[149][195] According to the music criticJessica Hopper, the criticism of Swift's music in relation to her public image was a natural product of how young female artists engaged with their fans through music.[196] By constructing an image that reflected her transition from "pop's Virgin Queen" into a sexually-aware woman, but with an implicit and feminine approach, she conflated her songs with the tabloid gossip to create a greater narrative, which showcased a deft manipulation of her own image, "a cultural prescience that speaks to [her] ambition and interest in being understood".[197]
Red's successful pop singles influenced Swift to work again with Martin and Shellback on her fifth studio album,1989 (2014), which recalibrated her artistic identity from country to pop.[198][199] Critics have regardedRed as a classic breakup album that had a generational impact on both Millennials andGeneration Z,[200][201] and cited it as an influence on confessional singer-songwriters includingHalsey,Kacey Musgraves,Troye Sivan,Billie Eilish,Olivia Rodrigo, andConan Gray.[k] In the view of Hyden, the album inspired a generation of "indie" artists to create pop-friendly music without being confined by the "underground" rock scene.[204] In 2019, an indie rock tribute album titledReRed, featuringWild Pink,Adult Mom,Chris Farren, among others, was released with all of its proceeds going to theEqual Justice Initiative.[205]
Following the2019 dispute over the ownership of the masters to her back catalog, Swift beganre-recording her first six studio albums includingRed in November 2020.[206] By re-recording those albums, Swift had the ownership to the newmaster recordings, which enabled her to control the licensing of her songs forcommercial use and therefore devalued the Big Machine-owned masters.[207] The re-recording ofRed, titledRed (Taylor's Version), was released on November 12, 2021.[206] In addition to the re-recordings of the 19 tracks on the originalRed, the re-recorded album features re-recorded versions of the charity single "Ronan", the songs "Better Man" and "Babe" that Swift had written for the country groupsLittle Big Town andSugarland, the 10-minute version of "All Too Well", and six previously unreleased tracks.[208] The ownership of the original album's master recording, alongside her other five albums released under Big Machine, was acquired by Swift on May 30, 2025.[209]
* Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
^Chart positions for Canada;[89] Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Spain;[90] Japan;[62] the UK[91]
^Chart positions for theBillboard Hot 100;[98] the Pop Songs chart;[15] Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland;[99] the UK[100]
^Fearless spent 11 weeks at number one in 2008–2009, andSpeak Now spent 6 weeks in 2010–2011.[119]
^UponRed's release, AllMusic gave the album a four-star rating.[140] The site reassessed the album with a five-star rating since around August 2020.[141]
^Attributed to reviews inBillboard,[28]The New York Times,[29]Rolling Stone,[35] andSpin[105]
^Ray, Michael (December 22, 2025)."Taylor Swift".Britannica.Archived from the original on December 31, 2025. RetrievedDecember 27, 2025.…the album embraced a bold pop-rock sound.
^テイラー・スウィフト 全米No.1アルバムをひっさげ5度目の来日 [Taylor Swift Visits Japan for the Fifth Time with a No. 1 Album in the United States].Billboard Japan (in Japanese). November 21, 2012. RetrievedDecember 27, 2025.
Perone, James E. (2017). "Red".The Words and Music of Taylor Swift. The Praeger Singer-Songwriter Collection.ABC-Clio. pp. 43–54.ISBN978-1-4408-5294-7.
Tribulski, Emily (2020–2021). "Look What You Made Her Do: How Swift, Streaming, and Social Media Can Increase Artists' Bargaining Power".Duke Law & Technology Review.19:91–121.
Wickman, Kase; Weiss, Joanna; McAvoy, Moira (2025).Taylor Swift: Album by Album. Motorbooks.ISBN978-0-7603-9750-3.
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