A list of the types of U.S. reconnaissance satellites deployed from 1960 onwardAerial view ofOsama bin Laden's compound in thePakistani city ofAbbottabad made by the CIA.KH-4B Corona satelliteU.S.Lacrosse radar spy satellite under constructionA model of a GermanSAR-Lupe reconnaissance satellite inside a Cosmos-3M rocket.Microwave interception (Rhyolite)
The first generation type (i.e.,Corona[1][2] andZenit) took photographs, then ejected canisters ofphotographic film which would descend back down into Earth's atmosphere. Corona capsules wereretrieved in mid-air as they floated down onparachutes. Later, spacecraft had digital imaging systems and downloaded the images viaencrypted radio links.
In the United States, most information available about reconnaissance satellites is on programs that existed up to 1972, as this information has beendeclassified due to its age. Some information about programs before that time is stillclassified information, and a small amount of information is available on subsequent missions.
A few up-to-date reconnaissance satellite images have been declassified on occasion, or leaked, as in the case ofKH-11 photographs which were sent toJane's Defence Weekly in 1984,[3] or US PresidentDonald Trumptweeting a classified image of the aftermath of a failed test of Iran'sSafir rocket in 2019.[4][5]
On 16 March 1955, theUnited States Air Force officially ordered the development of an advanced reconnaissance satellite to provide continuous surveillance of "preselected areas of the Earth" in order "to determine the status of a potential enemy's war-making capability".[6]
During the mid-late 1950s, both the United States and the Soviet Union took interest into reconnaissance satellites. The United States began theCORONA project, which encompassed several series of launches starting in 1959 and ending in 72. This program was made a priority to photograph denied areas, replace theU-2, and due to public concern about a technological gap between the West and the Soviet Union.[7][8] It was expedited significantly after the shooting of a U-2 in 1960.[9]
Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union, a decree that authorized the development ofSputnik apparently authorized a program for a satellite to be used for photo reconnaissance. This design evolved into Vostok, while another version became Zenit, which was an unmanned reconnaissance satellite. Zenit was launched from 1961 to 1994, however the last flight in 1994 was as a test payload.
Both the CORONA and Zenit satellites had to be recovered in order to access the used film, making them distinct from future reconnaissance satellites that could transmit photos without returning film to earth.[10][11]
On 28 August 2013, it was thought that "a $1-billion high-powered spy satellite capable of snapping pictures detailed enough to distinguish the make and model of an automobile hundreds of miles below"[14] was launched from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base using a Delta IV Heavy launcher, America's highest-payload space launch vehicle at the time.
On 17 February 2014, a Russian Kosmos-1220 originally launched in 1980 and used for naval missile targeting until 1982, made an uncontrolledatmospheric entry.[15]
During the 1950s, a Soviet hoax had led to American fears of abomber gap. In 1968, after gaining satellite photography, the United States' intelligence agencies were able to state with certainty that "No newICBM complexes have been established in the USSR during the past year". PresidentLyndon B. Johnson told a gathering in 1967:[16]
I wouldn't want to be quoted on this ... We've spent $35 or $40 billion on the space program. And if nothing else had come out of it except the knowledge that we gained from space photography, it would be worth ten times what the whole program has cost. Because tonight we know how many missiles the enemy has and, it turned out,our guesses were way off. We were doing things we didn't need to do. We were building things we didn't need to build. We were harboring fears we didn't need to harbor.
...photo-reconnaissance satellites, for example, are enormously important in stabilizing world affairs and thereby make a significant contribution to the security of all nations.
Additionally, companies such asGeoEye andDigitalGlobe have provided commercial satellite imagery in support of natural disaster response and humanitarian missions.[18]
^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:United States; Central Intelligence Agency; Ruffner, Kevin Conley (1995).CORONA America's first satellite program. Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. p. xiii.OCLC42006243.
^Gorin, Peter (1997). "Zenit: Corona's Soviet Counterpart". In Robert A. McDonald (ed.).Corona: Between the Sun and the Earth: the first NRO reconnaissance eye in space. Bethesda, MD:The American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. pp. 84–107.
^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:"Discoverer 1". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved5 January 2021.
^"The Navy's Spy Missions in Space". U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. April 2008.Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved21 April 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
Norris, Pat (2008).Spies in the Sky: Surveillance Satellites in War and Peace. Berlin; New York: Springer; Chichester, UK: In association with Praxis Publishing.Bibcode:2008spsk.book.....N.OCLC154711855.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:United States; Central Intelligence Agency; Ruffner, Kevin Conley (1995).CORONA America's first satellite program. Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. p. xiii.OCLC 42006243.
