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Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia
Same-sex sexual activity legal
  Marriage performed
  Marriage recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  No recognition of same-sex couples
Ambiguous
  Restriction on freedom of expression, not enforced
  Severe restriction of association with arrests or detention
Same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Prison, not enforced
  Prison
  Death penalty on books, not enforced
  Enforced death penalty

Debate has occurred throughoutAsia over proposals to legalizesame-sex marriage as well ascivil unions.

Following a Constitutional Court ruling and a subsequent legislative act,Taiwan became the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide on 24 May 2019,[1] followed byThailand on 23 January 2025.[2]

In addition,Israel recognises same-sex marriages performed abroad, though not as full marriage, and same-sex marriages are legal in the UK sovereign base areas ofAkrotiri and Dhekelia and theBritish Indian Ocean Territory.

Israel also recognisesunregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples.[3] Some cities inCambodia provide same-sex couples with some limited rights and benefits, including hospital visitation rights.[4][5] Severalprefectures inJapan issue partnership certificates for same-sex couples.[6][7][8] InHong Kong, the same-sex partners of residents can receive spousal visas and spousal benefits.[9][10]

Current situation

[edit]

National level

[edit]
StatusCountryLegal sinceCountry population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(2 countries)		TaiwanTaiwan201923,400,220
ThailandThailand202565,932,105
Subtotal——89,332,325
(1.9% of the Asian population)
Civil union
(1 country)		CyprusCyprus20151,117,000
Subtotal——1,117,000
(0.05% of the Asian population)
Recognition of foreign marriage
(1 country)
IsraelIsrael[citation needed]200610,026,900
Subtotal——10,026,900
(0.1% of the Asian population)
Temporary marriage-like union
(1 country)
NepalNepal202429,164,578
Subtotal——29,164,578
(0.7% of the Asian population)
Total——133,640,803
(2.75% of the Asian population)
No recognition
(38 countries)
* same-sex sexual activity illegal		AfghanistanAfghanistan*—31,575,018
AzerbaijanAzerbaijan—10,218,536
BahrainBahrain—1,496,300
BangladeshBangladesh*—165,159,000
BhutanBhutan—727,145
BruneiBrunei*—422,678
ChinaChina—1,393,970,000
Timor-LesteEast Timor—1,261,407
IndiaIndia—1,402,737,000
IndonesiaIndonesia—265,015,300
IranIran*—81,773,300
IraqIraq*—39,339,753
JapanJapan—126,490,000
JordanJordan—10,235,500
KazakhstanKazakhstan—20,286,084
KuwaitKuwait*—4,226,920
LaosLaos—6,961,210
LebanonLebanon—6,093,509
MalaysiaMalaysia*—34,112,400
MaldivesMaldives*—378,114
MyanmarMyanmar*—53,862,731
North KoreaNorth Korea—25,610,672
OmanOman*—4,633,752
PakistanPakistan*—201,938,000
PhilippinesPhilippines—114,123,600
QatarQatar*—2,450,285
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia*—33,413,660
SingaporeSingapore—6,036,900
South KoreaSouth Korea—51,207,874
Sri LankaSri Lanka*—21,444,000
SyriaSyria*—24,672,760
TajikistanTajikistan—8,931,000
TurkeyTurkey—85,664,944
TurkmenistanTurkmenistan*—7,057,841
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates*—9,541,615
UzbekistanUzbekistan*—32,653,900
VietnamVietnam—100,309,209
YemenYemen*—28,915,284
Subtotal——4,385,382,645
(95.37% of the Asian population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(6 countries)
ArmeniaArmenia20152,969,800
CambodiaCambodia199317,336,307
Georgia (country)Georgia20183,694,600
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan20167,161,900
MongoliaMongolia19923,504,741
RussiaRussia2020146,150,789
Subtotal——179,180,789
(3.9% of the Asian population)
Total——4,564,563,434
(97.25% of the Asian population)

Sub-national level

[edit]
StatusCountryJurisdictionLegal sinceJurisdiction population

(Last Census count)

Marriage

(2 jurisdictions)

United Kingdom United KingdomUnited KingdomAkrotiri and Dhekelia201415,700
British Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Indian Ocean Territory20143,000 (military personnel only)
Total18,700

Partially-recognized and unrecognized states

[edit]
StatusCountrySinceState population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(4 states)
AbkhaziaAbkhazia—242,862
Northern CyprusNorthern Cyprus476,214
PalestinePalestine[nb 1]—4,780,978
South OssetiaSouth Ossetia—53,532
Total——5,390,998
(0.1% of the Asian population)
Part of theLGBTQ rights series
Notes
  1. ^abPerformed in the Netherlands proper (including theCaribbean Netherlands), as well as inAruba and Curaçao. May be registered inSint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^Neither performed nor recognized inTokelau or the associated states of theCook Islands andNiue.
  3. ^Same-sex marriage is also legal in theCrown Dependencies ofGuernsey, theIsle of Man, andJersey, and theBritish Overseas Territories ofAkrotiri and Dhekelia, theBritish Antarctic Territory, theBritish Indian Ocean Territory, theFalkland Islands,Gibraltar, thePitcairn Islands,Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, andSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Same-sex marriage is neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories:Anguilla,Bermuda, theBritish Virgin Islands, theCayman Islands,Montserrat, and theTurks and Caicos Islands.
  4. ^abNeither performed nor recognized insome tribal nations of the US. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations andAmerican Samoa.
  5. ^Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights in Israel. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^abcdTheComan v. Romania ruling of theEuropean Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses ofEU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^Guardianship agreements confer some limited legal benefits in China, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^Hong Kong provides inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^Indian courts have recognizedguru–shishya,nata pratha ormaitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^Most Japanese cities and prefectures issuepartnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse provide residency rights in Namibia.
  13. ^Romania provides hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
LGBTQ portal

Public opinion

[edit]
  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage rights are pending
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country
Country or territoryPollsterYearForAgainstNeutral[a]Margin
of error		Source
ArmeniaArmeniaPew Research Center20153%96%1%±3%[11][12]
CambodiaCambodiaPew Research Center202357%42%1%[13]
ChinaChinaIpsos202143%19%-[citation needed]
Georgia (country)GeorgiaWomen’s Initiatives Supporting Group202110%
(12%)		75%
(88%)		15%[14]
Hong KongHong KongPew Research Center202358%40%2%[13]
IndiaIndiaPew Research Center202353%
43%4%±3.6%[15]
IndonesiaIndonesiaPew Research Center20235%92%3%±3.6%[15]
IsraelIsraelPew Research Center202336%56%8%±3.6%[15]
JapanJapanKyodo News202364%
(72%)		25%
(28%)		11%[16]
Asahi Shimbun202372%
(80%)		18%
(20%)		10%[17]
Ipsos202338%40% [31% support some rights]
22% not sure±3.5%[18]
Pew Research Center202368%
26%6%±2.75%[13]
KazakhstanKazakhstanPew Research Center20167%89%4%-[19][12]
MalaysiaMalaysiaPew Research Center202317%82%1%[13]
PhilippinesPhilippinesSWS201822%61%16%[20]
RussiaRussiaIpsos202117%52%-[citation needed]
SingaporeSingaporeIpsos202332%
50% [23% support some rights]
19%±3.5%[18]
Pew Research Center202345%51%4%[13]
South KoreaSouth KoreaIpsos202335%
42% [18% support some rights]
23% not sure±3.5%[18]
Pew Research Center202341%56%3%[13]
Sri LankaSri LankaPew Research Center202323%69%8%[13]
TaiwanTaiwanCNA202363%37%[21]
Pew Research Center202345%
43%12%[13]
ThailandThailandIpsos202355%
29% [18% support some rights]
16% not sure±3.5%[18]
Pew Research Center202360%32%8%[13]
TurkeyTurkeyIpsos202320%
52% [22% support some rights]
28% not sure±3.5%[b][18]
VietnamVietnamPew Research Center202365%30%5%[13]

In 2019, a survey byThe Economist found that 45% of respondents in the Asia-Pacific region believed same-sex marriage is inevitable in the region, with 31% of respondents disagreeing. Also, three-quarters of those surveyed reported a more open climate for LGBT rights compared to three years ago. Of those reporting an improving climate for LGBT people, 38% cited a change in policies or laws, while 36% said coverage of LGBT issues in mainstream media was a major factor. The top reason cited for diminishing openness was anti-LGBT advocacy by religious institutions.[22][23]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Same-sex sexual activity legal in theWest Bank, but legal status in theGaza Strip is unclear.
  1. ^Also comprises: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
  2. ^[+ more urban/educated than representative]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Taiwan's high court paves the way for same-sex marriage, a first in Asia".Los Angeles Times. 24 May 2017. RetrievedFebruary 6, 2018.
  2. ^"Same-sex couples in Thailand speak of happiness before marriage equality law takes effect".AP News. 2025-01-20. Retrieved2025-01-22.
  3. ^Cohen v. Shushan, 212 So.3d 1113 (2017) ("Our decision upholds a fine — but very clear — distinction that has been set within Israel's marital law, one we must maintain out of respect to Israel's law-making authority. Because Ms. Shushan and the late Mr. Cohen's legal union was not entered into through any recognized religious authority, they were not married under Israeli law. Ms. Shushan, therefore, could not be a surviving spouse of Mr. Cohen").
  4. ^Same-sex couples tie the knot in Cambodia in a stunning public ceremonyArchived 2019-07-31 at theWayback Machine,Gay Star News, 24 May 2018
  5. ^"Rainbow Community Kampuchea: What we do?". Archived fromthe original on 2018-05-30. Retrieved2019-06-25.
  6. ^Williams, Joe (December 26, 2015)."Another Japanese city to recognise same-sex relationships". Pink News. RetrievedDecember 26, 2015.
  7. ^Masanori, Hiuchi (1 March 2016)."City in Mie Prefecture to recognize same-sex partnerships in April".Asahi Shimbun. Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved2016-03-12.
  8. ^"3rd municipality in Japan starts issuing same-sex partnership papers". Japan Today. 3 April 2016.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^"Hong Kong's top court sides with gay civil servant in application for spousal benefit and tax assessment".Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. 2019-06-06. Retrieved2019-06-06.
  10. ^"Breakthrough for LGBT rights as Hong Kong to recognise same-sex partnerships in spousal visa applications". South China Morning Post. 18 September 2018.
  11. ^"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe"(PDF). Pew. Retrieved11 May 2017.
  12. ^ab"Religious belief and national belonging in Central and Eastern Europe - Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center. Retrieved26 August 2017.
  13. ^abcdefghij"How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". Retrieved14 June 2023.
  14. ^"წინარწმენიდან თანასწორობამდე (From Prejudice to Equality), part 2"(PDF).WISG. 2022.
  15. ^abc"How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". Retrieved14 June 2023.
  16. ^Staff (February 13, 2023)."64% favor recognizing same-sex marriage in Japan: Kyodo poll".Kyodo News. RetrievedFebruary 13, 2023.
  17. ^Isoda, Kazuaki (February 21, 2023)."Survey: 72% of voters in favor of legalizing gay marriages".The Asahi Shimbun. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2023.
  18. ^abcdeLGBT+ PRIDE 2023 GLOBAL SURVEY(PDF). Ipsos. 1 June 2023. Retrieved12 June 2023.
  19. ^"Being Christian in Western Europe"(PDF). Pew Research Center. p. 152. Retrieved7 June 2018.
  20. ^"First Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: 61% of Pinoys oppose, and 22% support, a law that will allow the civil union of two men or two women". 29 June 2018. Retrieved6 January 2019.
  21. ^Strong, Matthew (19 May 2023)."Support for gay marriage surges in Taiwan 4 years after legalization". Taiwan News. Retrieved19 May 2023.
  22. ^Glauert, Rik (2019-05-30)."Survey finds 45% believe same-sex marriage inevtiable in Asia-Pacific".Gay Star News. Archived fromthe original on 2019-07-07. Retrieved2021-09-23.
  23. ^"Legalisation of same-sex marriage will inevitably spread across Asia-Pacific, say nearly half of respondents in new Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) survey".vietnamnews.vn. Retrieved2021-09-23.
Sovereign states
States with
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Dependencies and
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