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TheReal Audiencia of Charcas (Spanish:Audiencia y Cancillería Real de La Plata de los Charcas) was aSpanishaudiencia with its seat in what is todayBolivia. It was established in 1559 in Ciudad de la Plata de Nuevo Toledo (later Charcas, modern-daySucre) and hadjurisdiction over theGovernorate of Charcas (es), Paraguay and theGovernorate of the Río de la Plata (now Uruguay and northern Argentina).[1] The audiencia oversaw the incredible silver output of the mines atPotosí. It was part of theViceroyalty of Peru until 1776, when it was transferred to the newly createdViceroyalty of the Río de la Plata and began to be referred to asUpper Peru.
Philip II of Spain originally established theaudiencia by royal decree on 4 September 1559. Law IX (Audiencia y Chancillería Real de la Plata, Provincia de los Charcas) of Title XV of Book II of theRecopilación deLeyes de Indias of 1680 — which compiles the original 1559 decree and the ones of 29 August 1563, 1 October 1566, 26 May 1573 — describes the borders and functions of the Audiencia.
In Ciudad de la Plata de Nuevo Toledo, Province of the Charcas inPeru, shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancellery of ours, with a president; five judges ofcivil cases [oidores], who shall also be judges ofcriminal cases [alcaldes del crimen]; a crown attorney [fiscal]; a bailiff [alguacil mayor]; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials; and which shall have for district the Province of the Charcas, all ofEl Collao, from the town ofAyabiri, along the road of Urqusuyu, from the town of Asillo by the road of Umasuyu, from Atuncana, by the road ofArequipa, towards the part of the Charcas, inclusive with the Provinces ofSangabana,Carabaya,Juríes yDiaguitas,Moyos [see alsoMoxos people] andCh'unchu, andSanta Cruz de la Sierra, sharing borders: in the north with theRoyal Audiencia of Lima and provinces not yet discovered; in the south with theRoyal Audiencia of Chile; and in the east and west with the two Seas of theNorth andSouth and theline of demarcation between the Crowns of the Kingdoms ofCastile andPortugal, along theProvince of Santa Cruz of Brazil. All said territories are and shall be understood to comply with Law 13, which deals with the founding and erection of theRoyal Audiencia of Trinidad, Port of Buenos Ayres, because our will is that said law be kept, complied with and executed precisely and punctually.
Charcas was one of the first regions in Spanish America to establishjuntas in the independence period, which deposed the Audiencia judges. These juntas, set up in 1809, were quashed by forces from Peru and Río de la Plata the following year, but the Audiencia was not reestablished until 1816, and then under the auspices of the viceroy of Peru. Areas of Charcas under patriot control sent deputies to theCongress of Tucumán of 9 July 1816 which declared the independence of the provinces of the Río de la Plata. The Republic of Bolivia was created from the Royal Audiencia of Charcas on August 6, 1825.
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