Sir Raymond William FirthCNZMFRAIFBA (25 March 1901 – 22 February 2002) was anethnologist fromNew Zealand. As a result of Firth's ethnographic work, actual behaviour of societies (social organization) is separated from the idealized rules of behaviour within the particular society (social structure). He was a long-serving professor of anthropology at theLondon School of Economics, and is considered to have singlehandedly created a form of Britisheconomic anthropology.[1]
Firth was born to Wesley and Marie Firth inAuckland, New Zealand, in 1901. He was educated atAuckland Grammar School, and then atAuckland University College, where he graduated in economics in 1921.[2] He took his economics MA there in 1922 with a 'fieldwork' based research thesis on the Kauri Gum digging industry,[3] then a diploma in social science in 1923.[4] In 1924 he began his doctoral research at the London School of Economics. Originally intending to complete a thesis in economics, a chance meeting with the eminentsocial anthropologistBronisław Malinowski led to him to alter his field of study to 'blending economic and anthropological theory with Pacific ethnography'.[2] It was possibly during this period in England that he worked as research assistant toSir James G Frazer, author ofThe Golden Bough.[5] Firth's doctoral thesis was published in 1929 asPrimitive Economics of the New ZealandMāori.
After receiving his PhD in 1927, Firth returned to the southern hemisphere to take up a position at theUniversity of Sydney. He did not start teaching immediately as a research opportunity presented itself. In 1928, he first visitedTikopia, the southernmost of theSolomon Islands, to study the untouchedPolynesian society there, resistant to outside influences and still with its pagan religion and undeveloped economy.[2] This was the beginning of a long relationship with the 1200 people of the remote four-mile long island, and resulted in ten books and numerous articles written over many years. The first of these,We the Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia was published in 1936 and seventy years on is still used as a basis for many university courses aboutOceania.[6]We the Tikopia has been through dozens of editions, and its title was adapted by the British-born New Zealand doctorDavid Lewis:We, the Navigators, The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific.
In 1930, he started teaching at the University of Sydney. On the departure for Chicago ofAlfred Radcliffe-Brown, Firth succeeded him as acting Professor. He also took over from Radcliffe-Brown as acting editor of the journalOceania, and as acting director of the Anthropology Research Committee of the Australian National Research Committee.
After 18 months, he returned to the London School of Economics in 1933 to take up a lectureship, and was appointedReader in 1935. Together with his wifeRosemary Firth, also to become a distinguished anthropologist, he undertook fieldwork inKelantan andTerengganu inMalaya in 1939–1940.[7]
During theSecond World War, Firth worked for British naval intelligence, primarily writing and editing the four volumes of theNaval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series that concerned the Pacific Islands.[8] During this period, Firth was based in Cambridge, where the LSE had its wartime home.
He returned to Tikopia on research visits several times, although as travel and fieldwork requirements became more burdensome he focused on family and kinship relationships in working- and middle-class London.[7]
Firth left LSE in 1968, when he took up a year's appointment as Professor of Pacific Anthropology at theUniversity of Hawaiʻi. There followed visiting professorships at British Columbia (1969), Cornell (1970), Chicago (1970–71), the Graduate School of the City University of New York (1971) and UC Davis (1974). The secondfestschrift published in his honour described him as 'perhaps the greatest living teacher of anthropology today'.[4]
After retiring from teaching work, Firth continued with his research interests, and right up until his hundredth year he was producing articles. He died in London at age 100; his father had lived to 104.
Firth marriedRosemary Firth (née Upcott) in 1936; they had one son, Hugh, who was born in 1946. Rosemary died in 2001. Firth was raised aMethodist then later became ahumanist and an atheist, a decision influenced by his anthropological studies.[13][14] He was one of the signatories of theHumanist Manifesto.[15] The Firths bought a cottage in the West Dorset village ofThorncombe in 1937; it was the family's second home until Raymond's death in 2002.[16]
Pacific Islands Volume 3: Western Pacific (Tonga to the Solomon Islands) (ed, with J W Davidson and Margaret Davies), Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series, HMSO (December 1944)
Pacific Islands Volume 4: Western Pacific (New Guinea and Islands Northwards) (ed, with J W Davidson and Margaret Davies), Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series, HMSO (August 1945)
Pacific Islands Volume 1: General Survey (ed, with J W Davidson and Margaret Davies), Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series, HMSO (August 1945)
Elements of Social Organization London: Watts and Co (1951)
'Social Organization and Social Change'Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 84:1–20 (1954)
'Some Principles of Social Organization'Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 85:1–18 (1955)
Man and Culture: An Evaluation of the Work of Malinowski Raymond Firth (ed) (1957)
Economics of the New Zealand Māori Wellington: Government Printer (1959) (revised edition ofPrimitive Economics of the New Zealand Māori (1929))
Social Change in Tikopia (1959)
Essays on Social Organization and Values London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology, no. 28. London: Athlone Press (1964)
Tikopia Ritual and Belief (1967)
'Themes in Economic Anthropology: A General Comment' inThemes in Economic Anthropology Raymond Firth, ed. 1–28. London: Tavistock (1967)
Rank and Religion in Tikopia (1970)
History and Traditions of Tikopia (1971)
Symbols: Public and Private (1973)
'The Sceptical Anthropologist? Social Anthropology and Marxist Views on Society' inMarxist Analyses and Social Anthropology M. Bloch, ed. 29–60. London: Malaby (1975)
'An Appraisal of Modern Social Anthropology'Annual Review of Anthropology 4:1–25 (1975)
'Whose Frame of Reference? One Anthropologist's Experience'Anthropological Forum 4(2):9–31 (1977)
'Roles of Women and Men in a Sea Fishing Economy: Tikopia Compared with Kelantan' inThe Fishing Culture of the World: Studies in Ethnology, Cultural Ecology and Folklore Béla Gunda (ed) Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó 1145–1170 (1984)
Taranga Fakatikopia ma Taranga Fakainglisi: Tikopia-English Dictionary (1985)
Tikopia Songs: Poetic and Musical Art of a Polynesian People of the Solomon Islands. Cambridge University Press. 2006.
Religion: A Humanist Interpretation (1996)
'Tikopia Dreams: Personal Images of Social Reality'Journal of the Polynesian Society 110(1):7–29 (2001)
'The Creative Contribution of Indigenous People to Their Ethnography'Journal of the Polynesian Society 110(3):241–245 (2001)
Feinberg, Richard and Karen Ann Watson-Gegeo (eds) (1996)Leadership and Change in the Western Pacific: Essays Presented to Sir Raymond Firth on Occasion of his 90th Birthday London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology. London: Athlone (thirdfestschrift for Raymond Firth).
Freedman, Maurice (ed) (1967)Social Organization: Essays Presented to Raymond Firth Chicago: Aldine (first festschrift for Raymond Firth).
Laviolette, Patrick (2020) 'Mana and Māori culture: Raymond Firth's pre-Tikopia years'.History and Anthropology 31(3): 393-409.
Macdonald, Judith (2000) 'The Tikopia and "What Raymond Said"' in Sjoerd R. Jaarsma and Marta A. Rohatynskyj (eds),Ethnographic Artifacts: Challenges to a Reflexive Anthropology Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press 107–23.
Parkin, David (1988) 'An interview with Raymond Firth'Current Anthropology 29(2):327–41.
Watson-Gegeo, Karen Ann and S. Lee Seaton, (eds) (1978)Adaptation and Symbolism: Essays on Social Organization Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press (second festschift for Sir Raymond Firth).
Young, Michael (2003) Obituaries: Raymond William Firth, 1901-2002.Journal of Pacific History 38(2): 277-80.
^Laviolette, Patrick (2020) Mana and Māori culture: Raymond Firth's pre-Tikopia years.History and Anthropology 31(3): 393-409.
^abWatson-Gegeo, Karen (1988)."Raymond Firth".asao.org. Archived fromthe original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved29 November 2006.
^Kessler, Clive S. (2002). "Obituary: Raymond W. Firth, 1901–2002".Australian Journal of Anthropology.13 (2):224–229.doi:10.1111/j.1835-9310.2002.tb00202.x.
^S.G. Foster and Margaret Varghese,The Making of The Australian National University 1946-1996 (Canberra: ANU Press, 2009), 20-35;"History of ANU". Australian National University. Retrieved11 May 2016.
^"His Methodist upbringing soon turned into a thoroughgoing humanistic atheism. This freed him for the sympathetic study of exotic religions, and for discussions of the role of faith in the anthropologist's own perceptions. He tended to feel a sort of good-natured intolerance of the religious beliefs of his friends and colleagues." Obituary: Professor Sir Raymond Firth, The Times (London), 26 February 2002.
