This article is about raw food consumption in humans. For a raw diet for cats or dogs, seeRaw feeding.
The Japanesesashimi is a raw dish, usually consisting of fresh raw fish.A raw vegan simulation ofThanksgiving Turkey.
Raw foodism, also known asrawism or araw food diet, is thedietary practice of eating only or mostly food that isuncooked andunprocessed. Depending on the philosophy, or type of lifestyle and results desired, raw food diets may include a selection of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, eggs, fish, meat, and dairy products. The diet may also include simply processed foods, such as various types ofsprouted seeds, cheese, andfermented foods such asyogurts,kefir,kombucha, orsauerkraut, but generally not foods that have beenpasteurized,homogenized, or produced with the use of syntheticpesticides,fertilizers,solvents, andfood additives.
Raw animal food diets include any animal that can be eaten raw, such as uncooked, unprocessed raw muscle meats, organ meats, eggs, raw dairy, and aged, raw animal foods such ascentury eggs,fermented meat/fish/shellfish/kefir, as well as vegetables, fruits, nuts, and sprouts, but in generalnot raw grains, raw beans, and raw soy. Raw foods included in such diets have not been heated above 40 °C (104 °F).[3][6] "Raw Animal Foodists" believe that foods cooked above this temperature have lost much of their nutritional value and are harmful to the body.Smoked meats are frowned upon by many Raw-Omnivores.[7] Some distinguish between hot-smoked and cold-smoked.
The "primal diet" consists of fatty meats, organ meats, dairy, honey, minimal fruit and vegetable juices, and coconut products, all raw.[13][14]
The "raw Paleolithic diet",[11][15] is a raw version of the (cooked)Palaeolithic diet, incorporating large amounts of raw animal foods such as meats/organ-meats, seafood, eggs, and some raw plant-foods, but usually avoiding non-Paleo foods such as raw dairy, grains, and legumes.[11][12]
The founder of the Primal Diet isAajonus Vonderplanitz, a resident of Malibu, California. It has been estimated by Aajonus Vonderplanitz that there are 20,000 followers of his raw-meat-heavy Primal Diet in North America, alone.[13]
Aboriginal diets consisted of large quantities of raw meats, organ meats, and berries, including the traditional diet of theNenets tribe of Siberia,[16] and theInuit.[17][18][19]
Pemmican is the traditional North American travel food, prepared from dried meat, fat, and berries.[20]
Raw veganism has rarely been practised in history,[21] but it became a fad in the 21st century.[22] A raw vegan diet consists of unprocessed, raw plant foods that have not been heated above 40–49 °C (104–120 °F). Typical foods included in raw food diets are fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and sprouted grains and legumes.
Among raw vegans are subgroups, such as"fruitarians", "juicearians", or "sproutarians". Fruitarians eat primarily or exclusively fruits, berries, seeds, and nuts. Juicearians process their raw plant foods into juice.[23]
TheBritish Dietetic Association named the raw vegan diet one of the "top 5 worst celeb diets to avoid in 2018", raising a concern that it could compromise long-term health.[24]
Early documentation of raw food dieting has been associated withhermits andmonks practisingasceticism. For example,John of Egypt, a hermit from theNitrian Desert in the 4th Century, reportedly lived on a diet of dried fruit and vegetables for fifty years; he never ate anything cooked.[25] Documented evidence of a commitment to raw food was by the Ethiopianmonk Qozmos, who in the late 1300s CE committed to the ascetic discipline of eating only uncooked food.[26][27] This posed a problem for hisEthiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Churchmonastery because he refused to eat the bread of theEucharist, which is cooked. As a result, he fled the church and went to live with the Jewish community of theBeta Israel.[26][27]
Contemporary raw food diets were first developed in Switzerland byMaximilian Bircher-Benner (1867–1939), who was influenced as a young man by the GermanLebensreform movement, which saw civilization as corrupt and sought to go "back to nature"; it embracedholistic medicine,nudism,free love, regular exercise and other outdoors activity, and foods that it judged were more "natural".[4]: 41–43 Bircher-Benner eventually adopted avegetarian diet, but took that further and decided that raw food was what humans were really meant to eat; he was influenced byCharles Darwin's ideas that humans were just another kind of animal and Bircher-Benner noted that other animals do not cook their food.[4]: 41–43 In 1904 he opened a sanatorium in the mountains outside of Zurich called "Lebendinge Kraft" or "Vital Force", a technical term in the Lebensreform movement that referred especially to sunlight; he and others believed that thisenergy was more "concentrated" in plants than in meat, and was diminished by cooking.[4]: 41–43 Patients in the clinic were fed raw foods, includingmuesli, which was created there.[4]: 41–43 These ideas were influential toAnn Wigmore, a notable raw food advocate, but were dismissed by scientists and the medical profession as quackery.[4]: 41–43
One of the earliest books to advocate raw foodism wasEugene Christian'sUncooked Foods and How to Use Them, 1904.[28] Other proponents from the early part of the twentieth century include Californian fruit growerOtto Carque (author ofThe Foundation of All Reform, 1904),George Julius Drews (author ofUnfired Food and Trophotherapy, 1912),Bernarr Macfadden andHerbert Shelton. Drews influencedJohn and Vera Richter to open America's first raw food restaurant "The Eutropheon" in 1917.[28]
Shelton was arrested, jailed, and fined numerous times for practising medicine without a license during his career as an advocate of rawism and other alternative health and diet philosophies. Shelton's legacy, as popularized by books likeFit for Life by Harvey andMarilyn Diamond, has been deemed "pseudonutrition" by the National Council Against Health Fraud.[29]
In the 1970s,Norman W. Walker (inventor of the Norwalk Juicing Press) popularized raw food dieting.[30]Leslie Kenton's bookRaw Energy – Eat Your Way to Radiant Health, published in 1984, added popularity to foods such as sprouts, seeds, and fresh vegetable juices.[31] The book advocates a diet of 75% raw food, which it claims will preventdegenerative diseases, slow the effects of aging, provide enhanced energy, and boost emotional balance; it cites examples such as the sprouted-seed-enriched diets of the long-livedHunza people andGerson therapy, an unhealthy, dangerous and potentially very harmful[32][33] raw juice-based diet and detoxification regime claimed to treat cancer.[32]
In the 21st century, raw food diets (particularly those focused onraw milk, raw eggs, and raw meat) have been popularized and politicized as part of a broader "right-wing bodybuilder" movement centered aroundhypermasculinity, physical fitness, fascination with ancient civilizations and opposition tofeminism and mainstream modern culture.[34]
That heating food above 104–118 °F (40–48 °C) degradesenzymes in raw food that aid digestion. Enzymes in food play no significant role in the digestive process before being digested themselves.[3]
That raw foods have highernutrient values than foods that have been cooked.[4]: 44 In fact, cooking has widely variable results on nutritional content, depending on the plant source and cooking method, and may increase the availability of fat-based nutrients, such asvitamin E andbeta-carotene.[3][35][36]
That foods cooked at high temperatures, especially meat, may contain harmful toxins, includingtrans fatty acids produced by heating oil,acrylamide produced by frying,advanced glycation end products (AGEs), andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.[37] Not all cooked food contains harmful chemicals, and a diet containing a mix of cooked and raw food is normal.[37][38] According to theAmerican Cancer Society, it is not clear as of 2019[update] whether acrylamide consumption affects the risk of cancer.[39] Public health authorities recommend reducing consumption of overly-cooked starchy foods or meats.[37][39][40]
A raw food diet may impair the development of children and infants.[41] Careful planning is essential for a raw vegan diet, particularly for children,[42] as there may not be enough vitamin B12,vitamin D, and calories for a growing child on a totally raw vegan diet.[43]
Food poisoning is a health risk for anyone consuming raw foods, and the increased demand for raw foods is associated with greater incidence offoodborne illness,[44] especially for raw meat, fish, and shellfish.[45][46] Outbreaks ofgastroenteritis among consumers of raw and undercooked animal products (including smoked, pickled or dried animal products[45]) are well-documented, and include raw meat,[45][47][48] raw organ meat,[47] raw fish (whether ocean-going or freshwater),[45][46][48] shellfish,[49] raw milk and products made from raw milk,[50][51][52] and raw eggs.[53]
One review stated that "Many raw foods are toxic and only become safe after they have been cooked. Some raw foods containsubstances that affect the absorption of nutrients, interfere with digestive enzymes, or damage the walls of the intestine. Additionally, raw meat can be contaminated withbacteria which would be destroyed by cooking; raw fish can contain substances that interfere with vitamin B1 (anti-thiaminases)".[54]
^Fontana, Luigi; Shew, Jennifer L.; Holloszy, John O.; Villareal, Dennis T. (28 March 2005). "Low Bone Mass in Subjects on a Long-term Raw Vegetarian Diet".Archives of Internal Medicine.165 (6):684–689.doi:10.1001/archinte.165.6.684.PMID15795346.
^Kamiński, Mikołaj; Skonieczna-Żydecka, Karolina; Nowak, Jan Krzysztof; Stachowska, Ewa (November 2020). "Global and local diet popularity rankings, their secular trends, and seasonal variation in Google Trends data".Nutrition.79–80 110759.doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110759.PMID32563767.
^Jarvis, PhD, William T."Fasting". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved8 April 2014.
^Coull, Lauren. (2015). "Raw Food". In Andrew F. Smith.Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. Oxford University Press. pp. 490–491.ISBN978-0-19-045465-4
^Palermo, M; Pellegrini, N; Fogliano, V (April 2014). "Review: The effect of cooking on the phytochemical content of vegetables".Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.94 (6):1057–70.doi:10.1002/jsfa.6478.PMID24227349.
^Cunningham, E (2004). "What is a raw foods diet and are there any risks or benefits associated with it?".Journal of the American Dietetic Association.104 (10): 1623.doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.08.016.PMID15389429.
^Messina, V; Mangels, AR (2001). "Considerations in planning vegan diets: children".Journal of the American Dietetic Association.101 (6):661–9.doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00167-5.PMID11424545.
^Lee, CC; Lam, MS (1996). "Foodborne diseases".Singapore Medical Journal.37 (2):197–204.PMID8942264.
^abcdMacpherson, CN (2005). "Human behaviour and the epidemiology of parasitic zoonoses".International Journal for Parasitology.35 (11–12):1319–31.doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.06.004.PMID16102769.
^Doyle, MP (1991). "Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its significance in foods".International Journal of Food Microbiology.12 (4):289–301.doi:10.1016/0168-1605(91)90143-D.PMID1854598.
