TheRaunkiær system is a system for categorizing plants usinglife-form categories, devised byDanishbotanistChristen C. Raunkiær and later extended by various authors.

It was first proposed in a talk to theDanish Botanical Society in 1904 as can be inferred from the printed discussion of that talk, but not the talk itself, nor its title. The journal,Botanisk Tidsskrift, published brief comments on the talk by M.P. Porsild, with replies by Raunkiær. A fuller account appeared inFrench the following year.^[1] Raunkiær elaborated further on the system and published this inDanish in 1907.^[2][3]

The original note and the 1907 paper were much later translated toEnglish and published with Raunkiær's collected works.^[4][3][5]

Raunkiær's life-form scheme has subsequently been revised and modified by various authors,^[6][7][8] but the main structure has survived. Raunkiær's life-form system may be useful in researching the transformations ofbiotas and the genesis of some groups of phytophagous animals.^[9]

The subdivisions of the Raunkiær system are premised on the location of thebud of a plant during seasons with adverse conditions, i. e. cold seasons and dry seasons:

These plants, normally woodyperennials, grow stems into the air, with their resting buds being more than 50 cm above the soil surface,^[10] e.g.trees andshrubs, and alsoepiphytes, which Raunkiær later separated as a distinct class (see below).

Raunkiær further divided the phanerophytes according to height as

• Megaphanerophytes,
• Mesophanerophytes,
• Microphanerophytes, and
• Nanophanerophytes.

Further division was premised on the characters of duration of foliage, i. e. evergreen or deciduous, and presence of coveringbracts on buds, for 12 classes. Three further divisions were made to increase the total of classes to 15:^[3]

• Phanerophyticstem succulents,
• Phanerophytic epiphytes, and
• Phanerophytic herbs.

Epiphytes were originally included in the phanerophytes (see above) but then separated because they do not grow in soil, so the soil location is irrelevant in classifying them. They form characteristic communities of moist climatic conditions.^[11]

These plants have buds on persistent shoots near the soil surface; woody plants withperennating buds borne close to the soil surface, a maximum of 25 cm above the soil surface, e.g.,bilberry andperiwinkle.

These plants have buds at or near the soil surface, e.g.common daisy anddandelion, and are divided into:

• Protohemicryptophytes: only cauline foliage;
• Partial rosette plants: both cauline and basal rosette foliage; and
• Rosette plants: only basal rosette foliage.

These plants have subterranean or under water resting buds, and are divided into:

• Geophytes: rest in dry soil as arhizome,bulb,corm, et cetera, e.g.crocus andtulip, and are subdivided into:
  • Rhizome geophytes,
  • Stem-tuber geophytes,
  • Root-tuber geophytes,
  • Bulb geophytes, and
  • Root geophytes.
• Helophytes: rest in marshy or wet soil, e.g.reedmace andmarsh-marigold; and
• Hydrophytes: rest submerged under water, e.g.water lily andfrogbit.

These areannual plants that complete their lives rapidly in favorable conditions and survive the unfavorable cold or dry season in the form of seeds. About 6% of plants are therophytes but their proportion is much higher in regions with a hot, dry summer.^[12]

Aerophytes were a later addition to the system.^[13] These are plants that obtain moisture and nutrients from the air and rain.^[14] They usually grow on other plants yet are notparasitic on them. These areperennial plants and are like epiphytes but whose root system have been reduced.^[15] They occur in communities that inhabit exclusively hyper-arid areas with abundant fog.^[13] Like epiphytes and hemicryptophytes, theirbuds are near the soil surface. SomeTillandsia species are classified as aerophytes.

Farley Mowat, in his book,Never Cry Wolf, described using a Raunkiær's Circle in making a "cover degree" study to determine the ratios of various plants one to the other. He spoke of it as "a device designed in hell."^[16]

• Plant life-forms
• Botanical nomenclature
• Ecology

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