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TheHeer as theGerman army and part of theWehrmacht inherited itsuniforms and rank structure from theReichsheer of theWeimar Republic (1921–1935). There were few alterations and adjustments made as the army grew from a limited peacetime defense force of 100,000 men to a war-fighting force of several million men.
These ranks and insignia were specific to the Heer and in special cases to senior Wehrmacht officers in the independent services; the uniforms and rank systems of the other branches of theWehrmacht, theLuftwaffe (Air Force) andKriegsmarine (Navy), were different, as were those of theSS which was a Party organization outside theWehrmacht. TheNazi Party also had its own series ofparamilitary uniforms and insignia.
TheReichswehr's visual acknowledgement of the newNational Socialist reality came on 17 February 1934, when the Commander-in-Chief,Werner von Blomberg, ordered the Nazi Party eagle-and-swastika, thenGermany's National Emblem, to be worn on uniform blouses and headgear effective 1 May.[1] The design adopted, in silver for theReichsheer (army) and in gold for theReichsmarine (navy), was a stylized eagle with outstretched, beveled wings clutching a wreathed mobile swastika, later to be called theWehrmachtsadler ("armed forces eagle").[a]
On tunics this took the form of a cloth patch about 9 cm (3.5 in) wide worn on the right breast, above the pocket. For enlisted uniforms it was jacquard-woven ("BeVo") or sometimes machine-embroidered in silver-grey rayon, for officers machine- or hand-embroidered in white silk or bright aluminum wire, and for generals hand-embroidered in gold bullion.[b] The backing was "badge-cloth" (Abzeichentuch), a close-woven velvetish fabric; this was originallyReichsheer grey, but in late 1935 the renamedWehrmacht Heer changed itsAbzeichentuch color to a dark blue-green calledflaschengrün (bottle-green).
The war brought several variations to the breast eagle, although it should be kept in mind that none of them was replaced or de-authorized, and all were being worn side by side at war's end. When hostilities began in 1939, on the enlistedFeldbluse orfield blouse the eagle was changed from silver-white to matte grey for reduced visibility; and in 1940 backings began to be produced in field-grey (feldgrau). Another version appeared with the advent of theModel 1944 Field Blouse, which used a triangular backing for speed and simplicity of manufacture. Very late in the war someHoheitszeichen were simply printed on thin fabric.
There were also versions for other uniforms: both white and grey variants on black for thePanzer uniform, and in dull grey-blue on tan backing for thetropical (Afrikakorps) uniform. A stamped metal pin-on breast eagle was worn with the officers'white summer tunic.
Caps and helmets bore two common insignia elements, in various forms: theNational Emblem and the national colors. World War I caps had carried dualcockades or roundels, one in Imperial black-white-red and one in the colors of the particular State within the Empire. TheReichswehr changed this to a single cockade in the Weimar Republic's black, red and gold; almost as soon as Hitler took power he restored thepre-1919 tricolor flag, and ordered the Army to return to black-white-red.
Belt buckles for enlisted men were of box type, made of aluminum or stamped steel and bearing a circular device with a version of theHoheitszeichen called the Army eagle orHeeresadler (an eagle with downswept wings clutching an unwreathed swastika) surmounted by the mottoGott mit uns ("God with us"). For field wear these were usually painted field-grey to reduce visibility and had a smooth finish; on the other hand, dress buckles were silver-washed with a pebbled surface surrounding theHoheitszeichen.
Officers' field and service buckles were of a two-pronged frame type. With dress uniform officers wore a belt of silver braid with a circular silver-washed or -plated aluminum buckle, in the form of an oakleaf wreath surrounding aHeeresadler. Generals' were the same but gilt or gold-plated.
With the tropical uniform and its belt of cotton webbing, officers wore a buckle identical to the dress buckle but painted olive-drab.
In 19th century German armies, Guard and other elite regiments wore lengths of double braid (Doppellitze) encircling all or most of the collar as a mark of distinction. By the middle of World War I these ornate collars had been reduced to an embroidered representation of short lengths of braid joined at the ends, sewn to patches worn at the front of the collar. When theReichsheer was established in 1921 as Germany's first national army[c]Litzen were prescribed as the universal collar device for all personnel other than generals, and the Third Reich continued the practice.
For clarification, however, a distinction must be made between a "collar patch" (German:Kragenpatte or Kragenspiegel), andNCO braid (Unteroffizierslitze orKragenlitze – the badge of rank of all German NCO ranks), encircling the collar of the uniform tunic. An NCO wore both collar patches and the braid encircling the collar.Commissioned officers wore collar patches only.
On both collar points of any uniform jacket there was a collar patch. Each patch consisted of the padding, and two parallel facings (German:Patten), the so-calledLitzenspiegel, symbolising the double braid of the 19th century.
The padding of full-dress collar patches showed the wearer'sWaffenfarbe (corps color). The dress tunic version was embroidered in fine aluminum thread on a patch ofbadge cloth (German:Abzeichentuch). The backing also showed through in the space between the two parallel facings of the collar patch, and formed so a colour center stripe.
On field – and service uniforms, beginning in late 1935, the collar patch was dark bottle-green to match the collar; theWaffenfarbe "showed through" (in fact colored cord was sewn into) the center strip of each braid, theLitzenspiegel.
For enlisted men, servicecollar patches were machine-woven in silver-grey rayon; COs' were embroidered more elaborately in white silk or aluminium thread, and were somewhat larger to match their higher collars.
NCOs (German:Unteroffiziere) wore standard enlisted collar patches but were distinguished by a strip of 9mm silver-grey diamond-woven rayon braid (Unteroffoziers-Tressen, NCO-Tressen), sewn around the collar, except on the dress, where the NCO-Tresse was bright aluminum. However, the aluminum-embroidered NCO-Tressen on dress uniforms (German:Ausgangsuniform, Paradeuniform) encircled the collar's upper edge, the simpler NCO-Tressen on service – or field uniform encircled the collar's lower edge.
By 1938 the fast-growingHeer had found that it was impractical, for the enlisted field uniform, to manufacture and stock a multitude of collar patches in assortedWaffenfarben which also had to be sewn on and frequently changed by unit tailors. Accordingly, new universal collar patches were introduced with theLitzenspiegel andMittelstreifen[further explanation needed] woven in dark green to match the backing patch, and which could be applied at the factory;Waffenfarbe was now displayed on the shoulder-straps, which simply buttoned on and were easily switched.
With the wartime change to lower-visibility insignia enlisted collar patches were woven in matte "mouse-grey" stripes, which were at first sewn to green collar patches as before but increasingly directly to the collar, which beginning in 1940 was made infeldgrau like the uniform; grey collar patches were never produced. The troops however preferred the green patches (and collars) if they had or could get them, especially on "clean" uniforms for walking-out; and long-service veterans took particular pride in pre-38 versions.
In contrast, officers' service uniform collar patches never changed. While most officers in the front lines wore the enlisted field uniform as per wartime regulations, many opted to have their green-and-silver collar patches added instead of (or on top of) the factory versions.
On olive tropical uniforms the collar patches were tan with dull grey-blueLitzenspiegel for all personnel; officers again sometimes added their green collar patches. Tropical NCO collarTressen were copper-brown, or sometimes olive drab.
A major exception to the wearing ofLitzen was the "panzer wrap" (German:Panzerjacke), the double-breasted jacket worn by crews of tanks and other armored vehicles. When thePanzertruppe were established in 1935 they were issued adistinctive black uniform and as a badge theTotenkopf or Death's-head, versions of which had formerly been worn by the Imperial tank corps andvarious cavalry units. These skulls took the form of white-metal pins attached to blackKragenpatten which were edged inWaffenfarbe piping.
In mid-1940 crews of assault guns (Sturmgeschütze) received a uniform of their own, identical in cut to thePanzerjacke but in standard field-grey, which they wore with red artillery piping. Over the course of the war a bewildering and changing series of regulations governed the uniforms and insignia for assault guns, tank destroyers, armored cars and self-propelled guns (SPG). Depending on the unit and the date either the black or grey wrap or the standardFeldbluse might be authorized, and on the grey "assault gun" jacket the regulation collar patches could be black with skulls, or grey with skulls,Litzen, or no device at all. The result in practice was chaos; wartime photos show a mix of uniforms and insignia worn not only in the same battalion, but even in the same vehicle.
Officially both colours of panzer wrap were working and field uniforms to be worn only in or around the vehicle; this regulation was universally ignored.Panzertruppen were issued standard uniforms for service-dress and walking out but rarely wore them, much preferring their unique jackets.
In North Africa,AFV crews wore the same tropical uniform as the other branches, including collar patches; many tankers however pinned theirTotenkopf badges to their lapels.
In June 1939, the Wehrmacht Heer wanted to renew its ties with the Old Army tradition by introducing a new uniform for its most prestigious unit:Wachregiment "Berlin" which was renamedInfantry Regiment "Großdeutschland". The new dress uniform for I.R. "Großdeutschland" had an elongated collar patch with singleLitzenspiegel for NCOs and two for enlisted. Although shown to the press, this new uniform was not provided to the unit due to the outbreak of World War II and was placed in depot storage.
Generalstaboffiziere were officers carefully selected and trained to represent the German General Staff Corps in both command and staff functions. They ranked fromHauptmann im Generalstab (captain) throughOberst i.G. (colonel). All were, before 1939, graduates of the Military Academy, theKriegsakademie. On division staffs they held the position ofIa (operational chief of staff) orIb (chief of the rear echelon). In the higher echelons, the intelligence and training staff sections were most of the time in the personal charge of General Staff Corps officers. The General Staff Officers had their own distinctive Litzen calledalt-Preußische (old Prussian), orKolbenstickerei ("lobe-embroidery"). These were the same whether on carmine dressKragenpatten or green service patches; coloredLitzenspiegel were unnecessary. General Staff officers assigned to the supreme headquarters (theReichskriegsministerium, later theOKH and theOKW), theKriegsakademie, and military attaches were further distinguished by having their Litzen in gold rather than silver. TheseGeneralstaboffiziere were called "des Generalstabs",Oberst d.G., etc. The special golden Litzen were abolished in November 1942. Only Military attaches kept their Litzen as long as they were in their present position. The Führer wanted a closer union between the front and the OKW and OKH.
In addition to their collar patches, General Staff Officers wore trouser-stripes, of the same design as generals' but in carmine rather than scarlet.
From 1900 and on Prussian generals had worn ornate collar patches embroidered in a style calledalt-Larisch, which had first been worn in the 18th century by the26th (älterer von Larisch) Infantry Regiment [de]; theReichsheer and theWehrmacht continued the tradition. These devices, sometimes calledArabesken (arabesques), were embroidered in gold bullion or golden syntheticCelleon onHochrot (scarlet) backing.
Field Marshals wore the sameArabesken as generals until April 1941, when they were authorized a longer variant with three rather than two iterations of the repeating pattern, for a total of six "prongs".[2] In some cases GFM did not bother to replace their generals' tabs, or did so only on their dress uniforms.
General officers of the Special Troop Service (Truppensonderdienst – TDS) and of the specialist careers (medical, veterinary, ordnance, and motor park) wore the same insignia until April 1944, when they were ordered to exchange their scarletKragenpatten foralt-Larisch tabs backed in their respectiveWaffenfarbe:
In October 1944, the wear-out period of the scarlet backing color for Generals of the specialist careers was extended for an undetermined period.
Thesearabesque collar patches are still worn today by general officers of the present-dayBundeswehr.[3]
In theWehrmacht Heer, upon retirement, certain senior German generals were awarded the honorary post ofChef (Chief) of a regiment, much like theHonorary Colonel in the British Army. It was a German custom dating from the late 18th century. These generals were authorized to wear the tunic and insignia of an officer of the regiment, including ordinary officers'Litzen. Field MarshalGerd von Rundstedt,Chef of the18th Infantry Regiment [de], wore a big 18 on his shoulder boards, and for everyday wear favored the ornamented tunic of an infantry officer with white piping rather than a general's uniform.
Hitler appointed firstGeneraloberstHans von Seeckt, the oldChef der Heeresleitung, to beChef of the 67th Infantry Regiment on his 70th birthday in April 1936, a few months before he died. Only seven German generals were appointedChefs: in addition to Seeckt and Rundstedt they wereGeneral der InfanterieRitter von Epp (Chef of the 61st Infantry Regiment in Munich);Generalfeldmarschallvon Mackensen (Chef of the 5th Cavalry Regiment inStolp);Generaloberstvon Fritsch (Chef of the 12th Artillery Regiment in Schwerin); andGeneralfeldmarschallvon Böhm-Ermolli (Chef of the 28th Infantry Regiment inTroppau).Generalfeldmarschallvon Blomberg was appointedChef of the 73rd Infantry Regiment and wore a big 73 superimposed over the crossed batons of his shoulder board, but on 4 February 1938 he was dismissed and his name was deleted from the seniority list.[4]
TheReichsheer's shoulder-straps to enlisted men (German:Mannschaften) were very similar to those of World War I, made offeldgrau uniform cloth with pointed or "gable" button ends. In December 1934 the material was changed to grey badge-cloth (Abzeichentuch) and in September 1935 changed again to dark bottle-green (flaschengrün). These "first pattern" shoulder-straps were not edged inWaffenfarbe piping.
In 1938, simultaneous with the removal ofWaffenfarbe from field-uniform collar patches, new shoulder-straps were issued. These "second pattern" straps had round rather than pointed ends, and were edged on three sides with wool (later rayon) piping inWaffenfarbe. This pattern would be used through the end of the war, although in 1940 manufacture reverted to field-grey uniform cloth, and as usual alternate versions were made to go with the Panzer uniform (black), tropical uniform (olive cotton) andHBT summer uniform (reed-green twill).Schulterklappen were not worn with the fatigue uniform, nor with camouflage smocks and parkas which used analternate system of rank insignia.
For junior enlisted men (Mannschaften), rank insignia if any was worn on the left sleeve. However the epaulettes did indicate the wearer's unit (usually regiment or independent battalion) together with his sub-branch if any, machine-embroidered in branch-color. For example, aSchulterklappe with rose-pink piping and number "4" would indicate the 4th Panzer Regiment; but if it carried a pink number "4" and letter "A" it would indicate the 4th Armored Reconnaissance (Aufklärungs) Battalion. The German Army used a very large assortment of Latin initials, Gothic initials, script ciphers, Arabic numerals, Roman numerals and symbols to designate all its various service branches and installations. Before the war, shoulder-buttons were embossed with the number of the wearer's company as well, this practice was discontinued "for the duration."
Beginning in January 1940, shoulder-straps with unit insignia were (supposed to be) phased out as a security measure, and removable fabric loops with devices were issued instead. In May 1944 the embroidery was changed fromwaffenfarbe to light gray.
Non-commissioned officers (German:Unteroffiziere) wore their rank insignia on their shoulder-straps, consisting of braid and white-metal rank stars. AnUnteroffizier's epaulette was edged withTresse on three sides and anUnterfeldwebel's on all four. Senior NCO's (Unteroffiziere mit Portepee) added one to three stars; in addition, their unit identifiers took the form of white-metal insignia rather than embroidery.
Shoulder-straps were made in both a standard width (4.5 cm, 1.8 in) and a wider one for three-digit unit numbers (5.3 cm, 2.1 in), and in three lengths depending on the size of the man. There was in addition an extra-large size for the overcoat (Mantel).
Officers' shoulder boards were constructed from "Russia" braid, an aluminum-thread double piping. Company-grade officers (Leutnant throughHauptmann/Rittmeister) wore epaulettes constructed by wrapping two side-by-side lengths of braid around the buttonhole and back, giving the appearance of eight parallel cords; the whole was sewn to an underlay (Unterlagen) ofWaffenfarbe badge-cloth. Until 1938 the underlay was of the same outer dimensions as the braid, and only visible edge-on; in that year the underlay was made wider, so as to create the impression of edge piping like the enlisted shoulder-strap. Rank was indicated by zero to two gilt-metal rank stars; unit designators were also of gilt metal.
Field-grade officer (Stabsoffizier) shoulder boards were made by plaiting together double widths of Russia braid and looping them to form a buttonhole, sewn to aWaffenfarbe underlay; rank again was displayed by zero to two gilt stars.
Once the war began, dull grey aluminum braid appeared, but bright aluminum continued in use.
Generals' shoulder boards were constructed similarly to those of field-grade officers, but comprised a length of silver Russia braid between two braided cords of gold bullion orCelleon. Since the resulting combination was wider, generals' boards were plaited in four 'loops' rather than five. Their buttons were gilt, and rank was indicated by zero to three silver rank stars, or crossed batons in the case of field marshals. The underlay was scarlet, except (from 1944) for generals of staff corps, who were instructed to wearWaffenfarbe instead.
In April 1941,Generalfeldmarschall epaulettes were changed to incorporate a central gold cord instead of silver.[5]
Colonels-in-chief wearing that uniform wore gold generals' shoulder boards underlaid with theWaffenfarbe of the regiment rather than scarlet; GFM von Rundstedt sometimes simply pinned his crossed batons to an infantry colonel's epaulettes.
By order of Reichspresident Hindenburg in March 1932, soldiers who retired after 15 years of service received the right to wear the uniform of the unit they left. The shoulder boards and shoulder straps of retired soldiers had a bridle 1.5 cm wide attached under the middle.
During the winter of 1938, certain rank were issued insignia to the wear with the denim uniform (German:Drillichrock).[6]
| Drillichrock | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |  | |
| Oberschütze (on the sleeve) | Gefreiter (on the sleeve) | Unteroffizier (on the collar) | Feldwebel (on the lower sleeve) | Oberfeldwebel (on the lower sleeve) | Stabsfeldwebel (on the lower sleeve) | Hauptfeldwebel (on the lower sleeve) |
When wearing uniforms without epaulettes, such as smocks, parkas and mountain windbreakers; generals, officers and NCOs instead wore sleeve rank insignia. These were made up of bars & oak leaves and were introduced by the late summer of 1942.[7][6] The ranks were used by the army and theWaffen-SS.[6] By 1943, the ranks were also introduced to theWehrmachtbeamte and theSonderführer.[7]
First introduced in the Prussian army in 1808, the coloured sidearmtassels were used as a decorative piece of equipment and to differentiate between companies within a regiment. Ranks belowFänrich were issued either theTroddel orFaustriemen depending on their unit.[8] TheTroddel was used by infantry, artillery, pioneer, signal, anti-tank and supply troops. While theFaustriemen was worn by cavalry and rifle troops. Additionally, some units would wear honorary tassels of Russian red leather, to indicate their relation to the1st Regiment of (Prussian) Grenadier Guards.[8]Unteroffiziere mit Portepee would wear tassels independently of their company relations.[8]
The tassels are shown below, where Arabic numerals refer to the company/battery/squadron:[9]
| Troddel | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
| Infantry | Staff | I | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | II | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | III | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
| Artillery | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||||||||
| Horse artillery & Artillery instruction | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||||||||||
| Rifle | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |||||||
| Troddel | |||||||||||||||||
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||
| Infantry | 12 | IV | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | V | 18 | 19 | 20 | E | 9t | 10t | 11t | 12t | NCO |
| Faustriemen | |||||||||||||||||
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||
| Cavalry & Rifle | Staff | I | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | II | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | III | 11 | ||
| Horse artillery, Motorised & Armoured | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | ||||||||
| Roman numerals: Battalion staff t: Honorary knots (Erinnerungstroddeln) E: Supplementary company | |||||||||||||||||
| Insignia[10][11] | Rank | Translation[12] | Approximate equivalents during World War II | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder | Sleeve | UK[13] | US[14] | |||
| — | Soldat | Soldier | Private | Private | Soldat was the generic term; for actual ranks seebelow. It could be advanced directly toGefreiter. |
 | — | Soldat (Unteroffizieranwärter UA) | Soldier (NCO aspirant) | NCO candidate | Soldier selected for or attendingUnteroffizierschule (NCO school); could be of any rank fromSoldat throughStabsgefreiter. | |
 | — | Soldat (Offizieranwärter OA) | Soldier (Officer aspirant) | Officer candidate 2nd class | Seebelow | |
| _1935-1945.svg) | Obersoldat[e] (from 1936) | Senior private | Senior private | Private 1st class | Obersoldat was the generic term; for actual ranks seebelow. Automatic after 12 (later 6) months if not yet advanced toGefreiter. |
|  | Gefreiter | "Exempted" | Lance corporal | Acting corporal | Historically in German armies, aGefreiter was an experienced soldier who by virtue of seniority was exempted from more menial duties. |
| | Gefreiter (Offizieranwärter OA) | "Exempted" (Officer aspirant) | Officer candidate 1st class | Seebelow | |
|   | Obergefreiter | Senior "Exempted" | Lance corporal | Corporal | Second sleeve insignia indicates 6 years of service.[f] |
|  | Stabsgefreiter[e] (from 1942) | Staff "Exempted" | Lance corporal | Administrative corporal | The rank was commonly trusted with positions in food provision supply andquartermaster duties. In the last years of World War IIStabsgefreiters were often used as group leadersGruppenführer due to a lack ofUnteroffiziere (NCOs). Promotions to this rank were suspended in 1934, although existingStabsgefreiters retained it; promotions resumed in 1942. |
| Insignia[10][11] | Rank | Translation[12] | Approximate equivalents during World War II | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder | Sleeve[7] | UK[13] | US[15] | |||
| Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee[g] (Junior NCOs) | ||||||
 |  | Unteroffizier Oberjäger (Light and mountain infantry) | Under-officer Senior ranger | Corporal | Sergeant | Originally only upon completion of NCO school; later also an automatic promotion for acting squad leaders with 4 months of combat experience. Could be advanced directly toFeldwebel /Wachtmeister. |
 | Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier (Offiziersanwärter OA) | Ensign (with grade of Sgt) | Officer candidate Corporal | Unteroffizier shoulder board, additional with two silver strips | ||
 |  | Unterfeldwebel[e] Unterwachtmeister[h] | Junior field usher Junior watch master | Sergeant | Staff sergeant | CalledSergeant until 1921. Automatically after 6 years of service and 3 years as anUnteroffizier if not yet advanced toFeldwebel /Wachtmeister. |
 | Fahnenjunker-Unterfeldwebel (Offiziersanwärter OA) | Ensign (with grade of SSgt) | Officer candidate Sergeant | Probationary officer | Unterfeldwebel shoulder board, additional with two silver strips | |
| Unteroffiziere mit Portepee[g] (Senior NCOs) | ||||||
 |  | Feldwebel Wachtmeister[h] | Field usher Watch master | Staff sergeant | Technical sergeant | From mid-war an automatic promotion for acting platoon leaders with 4 months of combat experience. |
 | Fahnenjunker-Feldwebel (Offiziersanwärter OA) | Ensign (with grade of TSgt) | Officer candidate | Feldwebel shoulder board, additional with two silver strips | ||
 |  | Oberfeldwebel Oberwachtmeister[h] | Senior field usher Senior watch master | Sergeant major | Master sergeant | Hauptfeldwebel (First Sergeant/CSM) was normally of this rank. |
 | Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel (Offiziersanwärter OA) | Ensign (with grade of MSgt) | Officer candidate | Oberfeldwebel shoulder board (additional with two silver strips), worn with officer's uniform | ||
 |  | Stabsfeldwebel Stabswachtmeister[h] | Staff field usher Staff watch master | Regimental sergeant major | Sergeant major[i] | Restricted to career volunteers; automatically after 12 years of service. Rank created in 1938. |
 | Fahnenjunker-Stabsfeldwebel (Offiziersanwärter OA) | Ensign (with grade of Regimental Sergeant Major) | Officer candidate | Stabsfeldwebel shoulder board (additional with two silver strips), worn with officer's uniform | ||
Hauptfeldwebel/Hauptwachtmeister:Hauptfeldwebel was not a rank but an appointment: the administrative and mustering NCO of a company and the commander's logistical assistant. He was therefore roughly analogous to a Company Sergeant-Major or First Sergeant, although his duties did not usually involve combat leadership.Der Spieß[j] ordie Mutter der Kompanie, as he was called, was not necessarily the rankingUnteroffizier in the company, especially since typically two of the platoons were commanded by senior NCOs rather than officers. AHauptfeldwebel however had to be ofPortepee grade; a junior NCO filling the role was aHauptfeldwebeldiensttuer, "one doingHauptfeldwebel duties."
The insignia for aHauptfeldwebel was a pair of NCOTressen encircling each lower sleeve, nicknamed "piston rings;" he also carried a leatherMeldetasche or report-case tucked into his tunic front.
In two specialist career paths it was possible to attain rank aboveStabsfeldwebel: fortifications engineers (Festungspioniere) and farriers (Hufbeschlagschmieder).[k] They were actual NCOs with command authority, notHeeresbeamten (uniformed Army civil servants). There was no direct equivalent in the English-speaking world; perhaps the closest examples of the time would be the British Royal Navy's and United States Navy's ranks of Warrant Officer.
| Insignia | Rank | Translation |
|---|---|---|
  | Festungswerkmeister Hufbeschlaglehrmeister | Fortress works master Farrier instruction master |
  | Festungsoberwerkmeister Oberhufbeschlaglehrmeister | Fortress senior works master Senior farrier instruction master |
These men wore shoulder boards braided in a unique pattern, orange-red and silver on black underlay with Gothic "Fp" for fortress engineers,[l] and gold-yellow and silver on carmine with a horseshoe device for farriers.[m]
| To 1940 | 1940–1941 | 1942–1945 | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fahnenjunker | Schütze (Offizier-Bewerber) | Schütze (Offizier-Bewerber) | Flag-Squire Rifleman (Officer Applicant) | Officer candidate in basic training |
| Fahnenjunker-Gefreiter | Gefreiter (Offizier-Bewerber) | Gefreiter (Offizier-Bewerber) | Flag-Squire Lance Corporal Lance Corporal (Officer Applicant) | Officer candidate in advanced training with the Field Army |
| Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier Fahnenjunker-Oberjäger | Unteroffizier (Offizier-Anwärter) Oberjäger (Offizier-Anwärter) | Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier Fahnenjunker-Oberjäger | Flag-Squire Under-officer/Flag-Squire Senior Ranger Under-officer (Officer Candidate)/Senior Ranger (Officer Candidate) | Cadet beginning Officer Candidate School or specialist academy |
| Fähnrich | Feldwebel (Offizier-Anwärter) Wachtmeister (Offizier-Anwärter) | Fahnenjunker-Feldwebel Fahnenjunker-Wachtmeister | Ensign Field Guide (Officer Candidate)/Watch Master (Officer Candidate) Flag-Squire Field Guide/Flag-Squire Watch Master | Cadet completing Officer Candidate School or specialist academy |
| Oberfähnrich Unterarzt(physician) Unterapotheker(pharmacist) Unterveterinär(veterinary) Oberfähnrich im Ing. Korps(Engineering) Feuerwerker m. b. Offiziersprüfung(Ordnance) | Oberfähnrich Unterarzt Unterveterinär Unterapotheker Feldingenieur Oberfähnrich (Waffen) | Oberfähnrich Unterarzt Unterapotheker Unterveterinär Feldingenieur Oberfähnrich (Waffen) | Senior Ensign Undersurgeon Underpharmacist Underveterinarian Sr. Ensign in the Engineer Corps/Field Engineer Fireworker with passed officer examination/Sr. Ensign (Ordnance) | Graduate serving as acting lieutenant, ensign or 3rd Lieutenant prior to commissioning as an officer. |
| Insignia[10][11] | Rank | Translation[12] | Approximate equivalents during World War II | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder | Sleeve[7] | UK[13] | US[15] | |||
| Leutnante | ||||||
 |  | Leutnant Assistenzarzt (Medical) Veterinär (Veterinary) | Lieutenant Assistant Surgeon Veterinarian | Second lieutenant | Second lieutenant | |
 |  | Oberleutnant Oberarzt (Medical) Oberveterinär (Veterinary) | Senior Lieutenant Senior Surgeon Senior Veterinarian | Lieutenant | First lieutenant | |
| Hauptleute | ||||||
 |  | Hauptmann Rittmeister (Mounted branches) Stabsarzt (Medical) Stabsveterinär (Veterinary) Kriegsrichter (Judicial before 1944) Kriegsgerichtsrat im Hauptmannsrang (Judicial before 1944) | lit. 'Head man' Riding Master Staff Surgeon Staff Veterinarian War Judge War Court Council in Captain's Rank | Captain | Captain | |
| Stabsoffiziere | ||||||
|  | Major Oberstabsarzt (Medical) Oberstabsveterinär (Veterinary) Kriegsgerichtsrat im Majorsrang (Judicial before 1944) | Major Senior Staff Surgeon Senior Staff Veterinarian War Court Council in Major's Rank | Major | Major | |
 |  | Oberstleutnant Oberfeldarzt (Medical) Oberfeldveterinär (Veterinary) Oberkriegsgerichtsrat (Judicial before 1944) | lit. 'Lieutenant Colonel' Senior Field Surgeon Senior Field Veterinarian Senior War Court Council | Lieutenant colonel | Lieutenant colonel | |
 |  | Oberst Oberstarzt (Medical) Oberstveterinär (Veterinary) Oberstkriegsgerichtsrat (Judicial before 1944) | lit. 'Seniormost' Seniormost Surgeon Seniormost Veterinarian Seniormost War Court Council | Colonel | Colonel | |
In addition to theiralt-Larisch collar tabs and braided gold epaulettes, general officers' uniforms were distinguished by gold rather than silver cap badges, cap cords, breast eagles, belt buckles and buttons, a pair of 40mmHochrot (scarlet) stripes down the outside of each trouser-leg, overcoat lapels faced in scarlet, and dress uniforms piped inHochrot rather thanWaffenfarbe.
From May 1944 generals in the various staff corps (medical, legal, TSD etc.) were supposed to replaceHochrot with the appropriateWaffenfarben of their branches of service; in practice this directive was imperfectly heeded and a subsequent order extended the wear-out date for scarlet insignia indefinitely.
| Insignia[10][11] | Rank | Translation[12] | Approximate equivalents during World War II | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shoulder | Sleeve[7] | UK[13] | US[15] | ||
 Veterinary:  |  | Generalmajor Generalarzt (Medical) Generalveterinär (Veterinary) Oberstkriegsgerichtsrat des Dienstaufsichtsbezirks (Judicial before 1944) Reichskriegsgerichtsrat (Judicial before 1944) Reichskriegsanwalt (Judicial before 1944) | Major general Major general (Med.) Major general (Vet.) Highest War Court Council in Service District Realm War Court Council Realm War Court Prosecutor | Brigadier | Brigadier general |
 |  | Generalleutnant Generalstabsarzt (Medical) Generalstabsveterinär (Veterinary) Senatspräsident am Reichskriegsgericht (Judicial before 1944) Oberreichskriegsanwalt (Judicial before 1944) | Lieutenant general Lieutenant general (Med.) Lieutenant general (Vet.) Senate President in the Realm War Courts Chief Realm War Prosecutor | Major general | Major general |
 Medical:  |  | General der... —Infanterie —Artillerie —Kavallerie —Panzertruppe (from 1935) —Pioniere (from 1938) —Gebirgstruppe (from 1940) —Nachrichtentruppe (from 1940) Generaloberstabsarzt (Medical) Generaloberstabsveterinär (Veterinary) Ministerialdirektor im OKW (Judicial before 1944) | General of —the infantry —the artillery —the cavalry — the armoured troops — the engineers — the mountain troops — the signals troops Surgeon general Lieutenant general (Vet.) Ministerial Director in the OKW | Lieutenant general | Lieutenant general |
Colonel general: Colonel general GFM:  |  | Generaloberst — im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls (GFM) | Colonel General — in the capacity of Field Marshal[q] | General | General |
before April 1941: from April 1941:  |  | Generalfeldmarschall | General field marshal | Field marshal | General of the Army |
| Branch[18][19] | Soldat | Obersoldat | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infantry Motorized Infantry (to 7/43) | Schütze (Rifleman) (to 10/42)[r] Grenadier (from 10/42)[r] Füsilier (Fusilier)[s] Musketier (Musketeer)[s] | Oberschütze Obergrenadier Oberfüsilier Obermusketier | |
| Mechanized Infantry (to 7/43) | Panzerschütze (Armored Rifleman)[r] | Oberpanzerschütze | |
| Motorized Infantry Mechanized Infantry (from 7/43) | Panzergrenadier (Armored Grenadier)[r] | Panzerobergrenadier | |
| Light and Mountain Infantry | Jäger (Ranger, Hunter) | Oberschütze[t] | |
| Cavalry Reconnaissance | Reiter (Rider) | Oberreiter (Senior Rider) | |
| Artillery | Kanonier (Gunner) Panzerkanonier (Armored Gunner)[u] | Oberkanonier Panzeroberkanonier | |
| Engineers | Pionier (Sapper) Baupionier (Construction Sapper) (from 1943) | Oberpionier Bauoberpionier | |
| Construction troops | Bausoldat (to 1943) | Oberbausoldat | |
| Signals | Funker (Radioman) Fernsprecher (Telephonist) | Oberfunker Oberfernsprecher | |
| Armor | Panzerschütze (Armor Rifleman) | Oberpanzerschütze | |
| Armored Engineers | Panzerpionier | Oberpanzerpionier | |
| Armored Signals | Panzerfunker | Oberpanzerfunker | |
| Anti-tank | Panzerjäger (Tank hunter) | Oberpanzerjäger | |
| Motorcycle troops | Kradschütze (Motorcycle Rifleman) | Kradoberschütze | |
| Military Police | Feldgendarm (Field Gendarme) | Feldobergendarm | |
| Transport and Logistics | Fahrer (Driver, horse) Kraftfahrer (Driver, motor vehicles) | Oberfahrer Oberkraftfahrer | |
| Medical | Sanitätssoldat | Sanitätsobersoldat | |
| Veterinary | Veteriärsoldat | Veteriärobersoldat | |
| Bandsmen | Musiker (to 1936) Musikschütze (Rifleman Musician) (from 1936) Trompeterreiter (Trumpeter) (Cavalry) | Musikoberschütze Trompeteroberreiter | |
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Officials in administrative, legal, and technical service positions were usually placed in a category unique to theWehrmacht. They consist of civil service personnel performing functions within the Armed Forces and are recruited, in part, from former professional non-commissioned officers who became military candidates for civil service (German:Militäranwärter) at the end of their 12-year contractual period of active military service.
Up to 1944, none of these officials were classified as soldiers; in that year certain groups were converted into officers in the Special Troop Service (Truppensonderdienst or TSD). These were the higher administrative officers (Intendanten) in ranks from captain to lieutenant general; the lower administrative officers (Zahlmeister) in the ranks of first and second lieutenant, and the judge advocates (Richter) in ranks from captain to lieutenant general. At this time all personnel of the Field Post Office were made soldiers as well, but formed a corps of their own rather than belonging to the TSD. It was also made possible for qualified reserve technical service officials to become reserve officers of the motor maintenance troops.
The officials had civil service grades, not ranks:Intendant, Direktor, Rat, Vorsteher, Inspektor, Meister, Assistent. This is a complex subject as each branch had its own grades.
With certain exceptions, military officials (German:Militär-Beamte) wore shoulder boards similar to those of soldiers of equivalent rank, but distinguished by the addition of dark green elements: those equivalent to generals had a central cord in their braided shoulder boards which incorporated green chevrons, and those equivalent to officers wore a narrow green stripe between the rows of braid. WO-equivalentofficials wore a complex braided shoulderboard made of green, black and silver cords. In nearly all cases the shoulderboard underlay was a double layer of dark green underNebenfarbe, and metal pins with theHV (German abbreviation ofHeeresverwaltung, "Army Administration") cipher were worn.
Certain services had insignia of their own: for example theFeldpost ("Field Post Office") wore shoulder boards with gold rather than green elements and the initialsFP; and musical officials wore silver-and-red shoulder boards with a lyre insignia.Beamten in the employ of a military administration authority in the occupied territories woreMV (German abbreviation ofMilitärverwaltung, "Military Administration") pins rather thanHV ciphers.
Most officials wore in addition to their dark greenWaffenfarbe a secondary colour (Nebenfarbe) denoting their branch:
In March 1940 distinctNebenfarben were abolished and replaced with light grey.
Heeresbeamten wore distinctive collar patches; these tabs indicated not the official's rank or grade, but rather the "career" of the service in which the official was employed. These were classified by the minimum educational requirement, and ranged fromEinfacher Dienst (Basic Services), for which a grade-school education was sufficient, throughMittlerer (Middle) andGehobener (Elevated)Dienst, toHöherer Dienst (Higher Services) which required a university degree.
Officials in the Basic Services wore collar patches similar to (but larger than) enlisted soldiers', greyLitzen on dark greenPatten, but the patch was piped on three sides inNebenfarbe; similarly officials in the Middle and Elevated services wore officer-patternLitzen, again withNebenfarbe-piped patches. Officials of the Higher Services wore uniqueKragenpatten withalt-Preussische Litzen in gold likeOffiziere des Generalstabs, but on dark green with, again,Nebenfarbe piping. General officer-equivalents wore green patches with generals' arabesques, similarly bordered.
In addition to the careerBeamten, wartime needs led to the creation of "Officials for the duration of the war," orBeamter auf Kriegsdauer. These men had needed skills but either did not possess all the qualifications to become full-fledgedBeamten, or were effectively drafted from civilian jobs. The matter was further confused by the fact thatBeamter a. K. did the same jobs and held the same titles as career officials.
Nonetheless,Beamter a. K. wore entirely distinct collar patches. The backing patch was large and piped on three sides like that worn by careerBeamten, but was light grey edged in green. The device was a rectangle pointed at the upper end with braid down the center, much like a British general'sgorget patch, the colors indicating the degree of theBeamter's service: grey with green braid for basic services, silver with green braid for middle and elevated services, and gold on gold for higher services.
Officials of the Wehrmacht who worked in Military Supreme Courts wore shoulder straps without the "HV" and had the secondary colour of Bordeaux red (Bordorot').
Sonderführer (short:Sdf; orSf) – in the meaning ofspecialist leader (literal:special leader) – introduced to theWehrmacht in the year 1937,[20][page needed] wore the standard military uniform but their collars and cap bands were blue-grey rather than Army green, with unique shoulder and collar insignia.
