Ranakpur Jain temple
Chaumukha Jain Temple
Religion
Affiliation	Jainism
Deity	Rishabhanatha
Festivals	Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
Governing body	Anandji Kalyanji Trust
Location
Location	Ranakpur,Rajasthan
Location within Rajasthan
Coordinates	25°6′56.68″N73°28′22.19″E / 25.1157444°N 73.4728306°E /25.1157444; 73.4728306
Architecture
Creator	Dharna Shah
Established	1437 CE
Temple	7
Website
www.ranakpurtemple.com

Ranakpur Jain temple orChaturmukha Dharana Vihara is aŚvētāmbaraJain temple atRanakpur dedicated toTirthankaraRishabhanatha.^[1] The temple is located in the village of Ranakpur nearSadri in thePali district ofRajasthan. It is a major pilgrimage place for theŚvetāmbara community.

Seth Dhanna/Dharna Shah, a local Jain businessperson, started construction of the temple in the 15th century after a divine vision. The temple honours Adinath, the first Tirthankar of the present half-cycle (avasarpiṇī) according to Jain cosmology.^[2] The Ranakpur temple is one of the largest and most important temples of Jain culture.^[3] The campus includes various temples such as Chaumukha temple, Surya temple, Suparshvanatha temple, and Amba temple.^[4][5] Ranakpur along withMuchhal Mahavir,Narlai,Nadol and Varkana forms"Gorwad Panch Tirth".^[6]

The construction is well documented in a 1436 CE copper-plate record, inscriptions in the temple and aSanskrit text Soma-Saubhagya Kavya. Inspired by a dream of a celestial vehicle, Dharna Shah,^[7] aPorwal fromGhanerao, commenced its construction in 1389, under the patronage ofRana Kumbha, then ruler ofMewar.^[8] The architect who oversaw the project was named Dwepa.^[9] There is an inscription on a pillar near the main shrine stating that in 1439 Deepaka, an architect, constructed the temple at the direction of Dharanka, a devoted Jain.^[10][1] When the ground floor was completed, AcharyaSomsundar Suri ofTapa Gaccha supervised the ceremonies, which are described inSoma-Saubhagya Kavya.^[5] The construction continued until 1458 CE. However, according to the audio guide provided to visitors to the site, construction lasted fifty years (and involved 2785 workers).^[11] Another source reports that construction continued until 1496, fifty years from 1446. The town of Ranakpur and the temple are named after the provincial ruler monarch, Rana Kumbha who supported the construction of the temple.^[12]

WhilstDilwara temples are known for their sculptural work, this temple is famous for its intricate carvings and unique architecture.^[13][14] It was built in the form ofNalini-Gulma Vimana(a heavenly vehicle Dharna Shah saw in his dreams).^[7] This temple is built inMāru-Gurjara architecture.^[15]

The temple has agarbhagriha in which the main Chaumukha Adinatha idol is placed. The four openings of the sanctum lead torangamandapa— the Dancing hall, which is connected to a two-storeyed mandapa, which is again connected to another two-storeyed mandapa calledBalana andnalimandapa. This courtyard is surrounded by a wall enclosing sub-shrines.^[16] The wall is also exclusive on projections like devakulikas and minor deity. The temple has fiveshikharas amongst which the central one is the largest. The temple is rich with sculptural pieces - carvings created with great skill and artistry.^[17]

TheShikhara in the temple is symbolic ofMount Meru, the mountain which forms the axis ofJambudvipa with a preaching hall as theSamavasarana.^[13]

Chaturmukha temple is a 15th-century temple dedicated toAdinatha^[18] built usingwhite marble in the midst of a forest. The temple name is credited to its design ofchaumukha— with four faces.^[19][20] The construction of the temple and quadrupled image symbolise the Tirthankara's conquest of the four cardinal directions and hence thecosmos.^[21][22] The temple is one of the largest Jain temples^[3] and considered one of the five holiestJain shrines in India and part of Gorwad Panch Tirth.^[6][23] The architecture and stone carvings of the temple are based on the AncientMirpur Jain Temple atMirpur in Rajasthan.^[24]

The temple is a grand white marble structure spread over 48,000 square feet (4,500 m²) with 1444 marble pillars, twenty-nine halls,^[25][26] eighty domes and 426 columns. One pillar is incomplete and legend says every time it is built the next morning the pillar breaks down again.^[4][27][28] The temple, with its distinctive domes,shikhara,turrets andcupolas rises majestically from the slope of a hill. The 1444 marble pillars, carved in exquisite detail, support the temple. The pillars are individually carved and no two pillars are the same.^[29] Legend says that it is impossible to count the pillars.^[30] One of the pillars bears the carving mother of a tirthankar lying on a cot.^[31] In the axis of the main entrance, on the western side, is the largest image. Inside thegarbhagriha,^[32] the moolnayak of this temple, there is a 6-ft. tall, white-coloured chaumukha idol of Adinath with four heads facing in four directions.^[4][29] Temple has a total of 84bhonyra (underground chambers)^[29] built to protect the Jain idols from theMughals.^[23]

The temple is famous for its beautiful carved idol ofParshvanatha made out of a single marble slab. The idol has 1008 snake heads and numerous tails. Two chauri bearers andYaksha andyakshi, half-human and half-snake, stand on either side. There are two elephants purifying Parshvanatha.^[33][34] One cannot find the end of the tails. The temple also has a representation ofAshtapad, showing eight tirthanakars in a row,Girnar and Nandishwar Dvipa.^{[35][36][37][38]}

The design of the temple inspiredPittalhar temple, Dilwara in 1459 CE and in thePalitana temple complex in 1681.^[27]

Parshvanatha temple

A temple dedicated to Suparshvanatha is also present here. The temple has an intrinsic design and this temple is also famous for erotic arts on the wall.^[39]

Neminatha temple

There is a temple dedicated to Neminatha with exquisite carvings.^[40]

Mahavir temple

This is a 17th century Jain temple dedicated toMahavira. The temple features a massive dome structure with highly decorated pillars and ceiling.^[41]

The temple underwent several renovations. The last renovation was carried out at the beginning of the 20th century byAnandji Kalyanji Pedhi, which was appreciated by theArchaeological Survey of India in their 1907-08 annual report. The temple has been managed by the Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi trust. The temple has a dharmshala and bhojanashala for benefit of pilgrims.^[42]

• 
  Idol of Adinath
• 
  Ceiling Details
• 
  Detailed carving of an elephant
• 
  Main shrine
• 
  Jambudvipa Rachna
• 
  The iconic representation ofPalitana temples on Mt.Shatrunjaya andGirnar Jain temples
• 
  The depiction ofakichaka, a bearded man with five bodies representing thefive elements.
• 
  Intricate carvings of Vidyadevis
• 
  Shasan devis and goddesses
• 
  Pillars inside the temple
• 
  Karma, Ceiling Sculpture (Shapes and Knots connected to each other to depict the connection between Karma and Life)
• 
  Elephant and its rider, Marudevi, the mother of Rishabhanatha

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• Dilwara Temples
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Falna is the most convenient Railway Station, around 35 km from The Ranakpur Jain Temple.Rani is around 39 km from the Ranakpur Temple.

• Jain architecture
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• Jain temples in Rajasthan
• Tourist attractions in Pali district
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