Kingdom of Ramnad | |
|---|---|
| 1601–1949 | |
| Status | Kingdom, later Zamindari estate |
| Common languages | Tamil,English,Urdu,Persian |
| Religion | Hindu,Jain |
| History | |
• Established | 1601 |
• Disestablished | 1949 |
| Part ofa series on |
| History of Tamil Nadu |
|---|
 |
TheKingdom of Ramnad orRamnad Estate was a permanently settled kingdom and laterzamindari estate that existed in the Ramnad subdivision of theMadurai district and laterRamnad district of the erstwhileMadras Presidency in theEast India Company from 1601. It was ruled by the rajas also had the title ofSethupathi. Madurai Nayaks ruled the Ramnad area with the appointed chieftains between 14th to 16th century CE, and in 17th century CE the appointed governors expanded their power to establish "Ramnad Kingdom" which was also called as "Maravar Kingdom" by the British. In 1795 CE, after an heir dispute, they were reduced to the status of zamidari by theEast India Company. After theindependence of India in 1947 theestates were merged in theDominon of India and in 1949 all rulers lost the ruling rights,privy purse was also finally abolished in 1971.
The seat of administration was the town ofRamanathapuram. The Zamindari had its origins in the administrative area of Ramnad established byMuthu Krishnappa Nayak in the 1605 AD. After the fall of Madurai Nayaks, the governors established Kingdom of Ramnad. In 1803, the kingdom was converted to azamindari by the British. The male rulers of Ramnathapuram also bore the title ofSethupathi or "protector of the bridge", the bridge here referring to the legendaryRama's Bridge[1][2][3] while female rulers bore the title "Nachiyar".
The estate of Ramnad included the Hindu holy island city ofRameswaram, from where, legend has it that the Hindu godRama launched his invasion ofRavana'sLanka. On the conclusion of the war and Rama's success in it, he appointed aSethupathi or "lord of the bridge" to guard the way to the island. The "bridge" referred to here is the legendaryRama's Bridge which was believed to have been constructed by Rama. The chieftains of Ramnad were entrusted with the responsibility of protecting the bridge, hence the appellation.
During Muttu Krishnappa Nayak (1601–1609 A.D.) ofMadurai Nayak dynasty reign, the Ramnadu region, due to lack of efficient leadership, crimes and robbery were found frequently against pilgrims of Rameswaram through the wild jungle. Due to lack of knowledge of the Jungles, Nayak army found it hard to control the robbers. Therefore, Muthu Krishnappa Nayaka (1601-1609 A.D.) laid down the foundation of the rule of the Sethupathi (watchmen of the bridge ) of Ramnad area under the Madurai Nayaks and made an agreement with the locals to stop the robbery. Muthu Krishnappa Nayaka appointed Sadayakka Teva as Sethupathi in 1605 A.D. to stop crimes and protect the pilgrims of Rameswaram through the wild and inhospitable region.[4][5] When the power of the Nayak kings ofMadurai began to decline in the late 17th century, theRaghunatha Kilavan of Ramnad asserted his independence.
In the late 17th century, Raghunatha Kilavan crowned himself king of Ramnad and changed his seat from Pogalur to Ramnad close to the east coast on the request of Muslim trade merchants to give protection against Portuguese traders. With the help and fund from Muslim trade merchants, he erected massive fortifications to protect his capital. He ruled from 1673 to 1708 and oversaw the growth of the feudal chieftainship of Ramnad into powerful"Kingdom of Ramnad" which is known as"Maravar Kingdom". In 1725, theking of Tanjore claimed the northern part of the Ramnad kingdom (theAranthangi region) up to the river Pambar in return for his services during the civil war in Ramnad. A vassal of Ramnad who was amongst the victors in the civil war took over the westerly locatedSivaganga region, thereby leaving only three-fifths of the kingdom actually in the hands of the king of Ramnad.
Ramnad participated in theCarnatic wars between theBritish and theFrench East India companies. The state came under British influence in the 1790s and the king of Ramnad was deposed in 1795 for misrule. The British, then, made the king's sister the ruler of Ramnad and deprecated the kingdom to azamindari by a permanentsanad granting themjagir of Ramnad in 1803. Since then, until the India's independence in 1947, Ramnad was ruled by the queen and her descendants.
Raja Bhaskara Sethupathi, who lived in the late 19th century, borrowed large amounts of money fromNagarathar creditors for construction of irrigation works and massive developments projects and for charitable purposes that he soon ran into heavy debt. In 1895, most of the estate was pledged to the creditors who set up a trust for its administration and maintenance. Bhaskara Sethupathi's successors actively supported theJustice Party.Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi was an active supporter of the Justice Party and promoted the Self-Respect Movement.
After theindependence of India in 1947, theGovernment of India marged estates, jagiirs, kingdom with the Union of India. Consequently, in 1949 all rulers lost the ruling rights. In 1971,privy purse, an allowance given to the former rulers, was also abolished, thus ending all entitlements.
The estate of Ramnad was located between 9 degrees 6' and 10 degrees 6' N latitude and 77 degrees 56' and 79 degrees 19' E longitudes. It comprised the southern and eastern portion of Madura district and included the whole Bay of Bengal coast of the district.
The estate covered an area of 2,104 square miles (5,450 km2) and had a population of 723,886 in 1901. It was one of the largest and most populouszamindari estates in the Madras Presidency. The zamindar of Ramnad paid a tribute of₹ 3.75lakh for the year 1903-04 to the British government.
Then part of the Madurai district, the estate was subdivided into fivezamindari tehsils: Ramnad, Tiruvadanai, Paramakudi, Tiruchuli and Mudukulathur. The administration was based in the town ofRamanathapuram in Ramnad tehsil. Ramanathapuram, Kilakkarai, Paramakudi, Rameswaram, Mandapam and Pamban were some of the important towns in the estate.
Jennifer Howes credits Sethupathis for some historic constructions in Pogalur (Sethupathi coronation in 1604), Kamudi had two lines of fortification some buildings and a well probably Sethupathis spent substantial time there, Ramnad,Rameswaram.[7]
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