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Ram Janmabhoomi (lit. 'Birthplace of Rama') is the site that, according toHindu religious beliefs, is the birthplace ofRama, the seventhavatar of theHindu deityVishnu. TheRamayana states that the location of Rama's birthplace is on the banks of theSarayu river in a city called "Ayodhya". Modern-dayAyodhya is in the north Indian state ofUttar Pradesh. It is contested whether the Ayodhya mentioned in the Ramayana is the same as the modern city.[1][2]
Some Hindus claim that the exact site of Rama's birthplace is within the grounds where theBabri Masjid once stood in the present-day Ayodhya,[3] with this belief extending back to at least 1822.[2] It has been suggested that a temple to Rama formerly existed at the same site as the Babri Masjid until it was replaced by the mosque, an idea supported by a court-ordered report of theArchaeological Survey of India following archaeological excavations around the ruins of the mosque, though the existence of this temple and the conclusions of the report aredisputed.[4][5]
Idols of Rama and Sita were placed in the mosque in 1949.[6][7] In 1992, thedemolition of the Babri Masjid byHindu nationalists triggered widespread Hindu-Muslim violence. The legal dispute over the property reached theIndian Supreme Court,[8][9] which ruled in November 2019 that the property be handed to a trust to constructa Hindu temple.[10]
TheRamayana, a Hindu epic whose earliest portions date back to 1st millennium BCE, states that the capital ofRama was "Ayodhya", which may not be the same as modernAyodhya[1][11] According to the local Hindu belief, the site of the now-demolishedBabri Mosque in Ayodhya is the exact birthplace of Rama. The Babri mosque is believed to have been constructed during 1528–29 by a certain 'Mir Baqi' (possiblyBaqi Tashqandi), who was a commander of theMughal emperorBabur (r. 1526–1530).[12]
In 1611, an English travellerWilliam Finch visited Ayodhya and recorded the "ruins of the Ranichand [Ramachand] castle and houses". He made no mention of a mosque.[13][14] In 1634,Thomas Herbert described a "pretty old castle of Ranichand [Ramachand]" which he described as an antique monument that was "especially memorable".[15] However, by 1672, the appearance of a mosque at the site can be inferred because Lal Das'sAwadh-Vilasa describes the location without mentioning a castle, house or temple.[16] In 1717, the Moghul Rajput nobleJai Singh II purchased land surrounding the site and his documents show a mosque.[17]The Jesuit missionaryJoseph Tiefenthaler, who visited the site between 1766 and 1771, wrote that eitherAurangazeb (r. 1658–1707) orBabur had demolished the Ramkot fortress, including the house that was considered as the birthplace of Rama by Hindus. He further stated that a mosque was constructed in its place, but the Hindus continued to offer prayers at a mud platform that marked the birthplace of Rama.[18] In 1810,Francis Buchanan visited the site, and stated that the structure destroyed was a temple dedicated to Rama, not a house. Many subsequent sources state that the mosque was constructed after demolishing a temple.[18] Buchanan also recorded that there was an inscription on the wall of the mosque stating it to have been built by Babur.
Police officer and writerKishore Kunal, who examined Buchanan's documents, states that all the claimed inscriptions on the Babri mosque were fake. According to him they were affixed sometime around 1813 (almost 285 years after the supposed construction of the mosque in 1528 CE), and later repeatedly replaced.[19]
Before the 1940s, the Babri Masjid was calledMasjid-i-Janmasthan ("mosque of the birthplace") in common parlance as well as official documents such as revenue records.[20] Shykh Muhammad Azamat Ali Kakorawi Nami (1811–1893) wrote: "the Babari mosque was built up in 923(?) A.H. under the patronage of Sayyid Musa Ashiqan in the Janmasthan temple in Faizabad-Avadh, which was a great place of (worship) and capital of Rama's father."[21]
H.R. Neville, the editor of theFaizabad District Gazetteer (1870), wrote that the Janmasthan temple "was destroyed by Babur and replaced by a mosque." He also wrote "The Janmasthan was in Ramkot and marked the birthplace of Rama. In 1528 A.D. Babur came to Ayodhya and halted here for a week. He destroyed the ancient temple and on its site built a mosque, still known as Babur's mosque. The materials of the old structure [i.e., the temple] were largely employed, and many of the columns were in good preservation."[22][23]
Al-Hind-u fi al – ‘Ahd al-Isami, by Maulana Shams Tabriz Khan describes "And among them is the great mosque that was built by the Timurid king Babar in the sacred city of Ajodhya. It is believed that Rama Chandra, considered to be the manifestation of God, was born here. There is a long story about his wife Sita. There was a big temple for them in this city. At a certain place Sita used to sit and cook food for her consort. Well, the said king Babar demolished it and built a mosque at that very place with chiseled stone in 923 A.H."[24]
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A section of historians, such asR. S. Sharma, state that such claims of Babri Masjid site being the birthplace of Rama sprang up only after the 18th century and Janmabhoomi's location given in the variousAyodhya-mahatmyas does not tally with the Babri Masjid location.[18][25] Sharma states that Ayodhya emerged as a place of Hindu pilgrimage only in medieval times, since ancient texts do not mention it as a pilgrim centre. For example, chapter 85 of theVishnu Smriti (contains the earliest list oftirthas[25]) lists 52 places of pilgrimage, which do not include Ayodhya.[26][11]
Many critics also claim that the present-day Ayodhya was originally a Buddhist site, based on its identification withSaketa described in Buddhist texts. According to historianRomila Thapar, ignoring the Hindu mythological accounts, the first historic mention of the city dates back to the 7th century, when the Chinese pilgrimXuanzang described it as a Buddhist site.[27][28]: 25
In 1853, a group of armed Hindu ascetics belonging to theNirmohi Akhara occupied the Babri Masjid site, and claimed ownership of the structure.[29] Subsequently, the civil administration stepped in, and in 1855, divided the mosque premises into two parts: one for Hindus, and the other for Muslims.[30]
In 1883, the Hindus launched an effort to construct a temple on the platform. When the administration denied them the permission to do this, they took the matter to court. In 1885, the Sub Judge Pandit Hari Kishan Singh dismissed the lawsuit. Subsequently, the higher courts also dismissed the lawsuit in 1886, in favour of status quo. The lawsuit was dismissed on the grounds that creating a Hindu temple in close proximity to mosque would create a serious law and order issue. The District Judge held that it was ―most unfortunate that the Masjid should have been built on the land especially held sacred by the Hindus but since the construction had been made 358 years earlier, it was too late in the day to reverse the process.[31]
In December 1949, some Hindus placed idols ofRama andSita in the mosque, and claimed that they had miraculously appeared there. Home MinisterVallabhbhai Patel and Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru directed the state'sChief MinisterGovind Ballabh Pant to remove the idols, however Pant was not willing to remove the idols and added that "there is a reasonable chance of success, but things are still in a fluid state and it will be hazardous to say more at this stage".[32][33] By 1950, the state took control of the structure under section 145 CrPC and allowed Hindus, not Muslims, to perform their worship at the site.[34]
In the 1980s, theVishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and otherHindu nationalist groups and political parties launched a campaign to construct the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir ("Rama birthplace temple") at the site. In 1985, theRajiv Gandhi government allowed Hindus to access the site for prayers.[35] On 6 December 1992, Hindu nationalistsdemolished the mosque, resulting in communal riots leading to over 2,000 deaths.[36]
In 2003, theArchaeological Survey of India (ASI) conductedexcavations of the site on court orders.[37] The ASI report indicated the presence of a 10th-century north Indian style temple under the mosque.[38] Muslim groups and the historians supporting them disputed these findings, and dismissed them as politically motivated.[39][40] The Allahabad High Court, however, upheld the ASI's findings.[41] The excavations by the ASI were heavily used as evidence by the court that the predating structure was a massive Hindu religious building.[42]
In 2009, theBharatiya Janata Party (BJP) released itselection manifesto, repeating its promise to construct a temple to Rama at the site.[43][44]
In 2010, the Allahabad High Court ruled that the 2.77 acres (1.12 ha) of disputed land be divided into 3 parts, with1⁄3 going to theRam Lalla or Infant Lord Rama represented by theHindu Mahasabha for the construction of the Ram temple,1⁄3 going to the MuslimSunni Waqf Board and the remaining1⁄3 going to a Hindu religious denominationNirmohi Akhara.[45] All the three parties appealed against the division of disputed land to the Supreme Court.[46][47]
The five judgesSupreme Court bench heard the title dispute cases from August to October 2019.[8][9] The court inferred that the foundation of the mosque was based on the walls of a large pre existing structure dating back to the 12th century whose architectural features are suggestive of Hindu religious origin. The Supreme Court however concluded that there is time gap between the existence of the pre existing structure in 12th century and the construction of mosque in 16th century and no archaeological evidence on the cause of destruction of the underlying structure from this era is available.[31] On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the land to be handed over to a trust to build the Hindu temple. It also ordered to the government to give alternate 5 acre land to Sunni Waqf Board to build the mosque.[10] On 5 February 2020, the trust known asShri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra was created by thegovernment of India.
Those who believe that Rama was a historic figure, place his birth around 1800 BCE. However, the archaeological excavations at Ayodhya have not revealed any significant settlement before 500 BCE. Consequently, a number of other places have been suggested as the birthplace of Rama.[11]
In November 1990, the newly appointed Prime MinisterChandra Shekhar made an attempt to resolve theAyodhya dispute amicably. Towards this objective, he asked Hindu and Muslim groups to exchange evidence on their claims over Ayodhya. The panel representing the Muslim organization Babri Masjid Action Committee (BMAC) includedR. S. Sharma,D. N. Jha,M. Athar Ali andSuraj Bhan. The evidence presented by them included scholarly articles discussing alternative theories about the birthplace of Rama. These sources mentioned 8 different possible birthplaces, including a site other than Babri Masjid in Ayodhya,Nepal andAfghanistan.[48] One author – M. V. Ratnam – claimed that Rama wasRamses II, apharaoh ofancient Egypt.[49]
In his 1992 bookAncient geography of Ayodhya, historian Shyam Narain Pande argued that Rama was born around present-dayHerat inAfghanistan.[50] In 1997, Pande presented his theory in the paper "Historical Rama distinguished from God Rama" at the 58th session of the Indian History Congress in Bangalore. In 2000, Rajesh Kochhar similarly traced the birthplace of Rama to Afghanistan, in his bookThe Vedic People: Their History and Geography. According to him, theHarriud river of Afghanistan is the original "Sarayu", and Ayodhya was located on its banks.[51]
In 1998, archaeologistKrishna Rao put forward his hypothesis aboutBanawali being Rama's birthplace. Banawali is anHarappan site located in theHaryana state of India. Rao identified Rama with theSumerian kingRim-Sin I and his rivalRavana with theBabylonian kingHammurabi. He claimed to have deciphered Indus seals found along the Sarasvati rivers, and found the words "Rama Sena" (Rim-Sin) and "Ravani dama" on those seals. He rejected Ayodhya as the birthplace of Rama, on the grounds that Ayodhya and other Ramayana sites excavated byB. B. Lal do not show evidence of settlements before 1000 BCE. He also claimed that the writers of the laterepics and thePuranas got confused because the ancientIndo-Aryans applied their ancient place names to the new place names as theymigrated eastwards.[52]
A team from the Archaeological Survey of India underB. B. Lal conducted a survey of the land in 1976–77.[53] They found 12 pillars of the mosque that were made from the remains of a Hindu temple. The base of the pillars had a Purna Kalasha which was a 'ghada' (water pitcher) from which foliage would be coming out. These symbols were found in almost all the temples of the 12th and 13th Century.[53] For Hindus, it is one of the eight auspicious symbols of prosperity also known as Ashtamangala Chinha.[54] The excavation team found many terracotta sculptures that depicted human beings and animals, a characteristic of a temple, not a mosque.[53]
In 2003, A 50 plus member team of Archeological Survey of India did the second excavation. They found over 50 pillars, hinting that below the mosque stood a Hindu temple that could be dated back to the 12th Century AD.[55]
The excavators further found a temple system that depicted a crocodile (a symbol of the Holy Ganga[56]) to signify a symbolic bath in the holy rivers of the Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati to wash off one's sins. They also got the temple 'pranali' (system). We have to bathe the deity and the 'abhisheka jal' flows through 'pranali'. This 'makara pranali' was also excavated.[53]
The ASI team unearthed several remains of a temple's 'shikhara' (tower) from the mosque's premises, adding to the evidences of a Hindu structure underneath[53] ASI team also found another architectural member known as 'amalka'. Below the 'amalka' there is the 'grivah' and also the 'shikhara' portion of the temple in North India.[53]
The ASI archaeologists found 263 pieces of terracotta objects of gods, goddesses, human figures, female figurines that consolidated the theory that it was the site of a temple.
An inscription of 'Vishnu Hari Shila Phalak' was found on two remains found at the site that proved to be an important circumstantial evidence that stated the existence of a Hindu temple there.[53]
2023 excavations to construct new Rama Temple
In 2023, during excavation to make Rama temple after Supreme Court order, remains of ancient temple, idols, and pillars were found.[57]
In 2024, BR Mani, the archaeologist who led the 2003 excavations urged the central government to release the ASI report to put all the doubts regarding the report to rest.[58] He also interprets the evidence from excavations to claim that there was human force involved in the destruction of the found structure and the structure was not destroyed because of any natural calamity. He claims the destruction took place at about the same time when mosque was being built. Further, he says the court didn't comment on whether the destruction took place because ASI report was only meant to report findings and not interpret those findings. He said that excavations show that the history of the site can be traced back to 17th century BCE which contradicts the earlier scholarly claim that history of Ayodhya started at 7th century BCE[59]
TheShri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra trust began the first phase of construction of the Ram Mandir in March 2020.[60] Prime MinisterNarendra Modi performed Bhoomi Pujan and laid the foundation stone of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya on 5 August 2020.[61]
It asserts that the Mughal Emperor Babar's governor at Awadh, Mir Baqi Tashqandi, built the Babri Masjid (mosque) at Ayodhya ... The mosque was built in 1528 ...