| Rainy Lake | |
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 Characteristic shoreline and islands of Rainy Lake | |
  Rainy Lake Location of Rainy Lake on the US/Canadian border between Minnesota and Ontario Show map of Ontario Rainy Lake Rainy Lake (Minnesota) Show map of Minnesota | |
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| Location | Minnesota, United States; Ontario, Canada |
| Coordinates | 48°38′13″N93°01′53″W / 48.6369°N 93.0314°W /48.6369; -93.0314 |
| Type | remnant of former glacialLake Agassiz |
| Primary inflows | Namakan Lake Kabetogama Lake Seine River |
| Primary outflows | Rainy River |
| Basin countries | Canada, United States |
| Max. length | 80 km (50 mi) |
| Max. width | 48 km (30 mi) |
| Surface area | 932 km2 (360 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 50 m (160 ft) highly variable |
| Shore length1 | 1,500 km (930 mi) 2,520 km (1,570 mi) (w/ Islands) highly irregular, rocky shoreline |
| Surface elevation | 338 m (1,109 ft) |
| Islands | ~2,568[1] |
| Settlements | International Falls, Minnesota Ranier, Minnesota Fort Frances,Ontario |
| 1 Shore length isnot a well-defined measure. | |
Rainy Lake (French:lac à la Pluie;Ojibwe:gojiji-zaaga'igan) is a freshwater lake with a surface area of 360 square miles (932 km2) that straddles the border between theUnited States andCanada. TheRainy River issues from the west side of the lake. Today it is harnessed to makehydroelectricity for US and Canadian locations.International Falls, Minnesota and the much smaller city ofRanier, Minnesota are situated oppositeFort Frances,Ontario, on either side of the Rainy River. Rainy Lake and Rainy River establish part of the boundary between the US state of Minnesota and the Canadian province of Ontario.[2]
Voyageurs National Park is located on the southeastern corner of the lake, where it connects withKabetogama and Namakan lakes atKettle Falls. Rainy Lake is part of an extremely large system of lakes forming theHudson Bay drainage basin that stretches from west ofLake Superior north to theArctic Ocean. The Rainy Lake watershed includes theBoundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCA), portions of theSuperior National Forest on the US side of the border, and theQuetico Provincial Park on the Canadian side of the border.[3]
For exploration and fur trade history, seeWinnipeg River and additional references below.[4][5]
The earliest documentation of the lake's name is"Tekamamiwen" (shown in French transliterated as "Lac de Tecamamiouen" on the Ochagach map (c. 1728).[6] The name was represented in various spellings: as "Lac Tacamamioüer" on the 1739de l'Isle map, as "Lake Tecamaniouen" on the 1757Mitchell Map, and as "Lake Tekamamigovouen" on theThomas Jefferys1762 Map of Canada).Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye said that the name was a corruption from theCree"tahki-mâna-kimiwan", meaning "It always is raining", referring to theRainy River.[7][8] He said that the lake was also known as"Ouichichick" (Ojibwe wordGojijiing orCreeKocicīhk, both meaning "at the place of inlets"). Early documents lists the portion of Rainy Lake east of the Brule Narrows as "Cristinaux [Cree] Lake"[9] or as "Little Lake."[10]
Geologically Rainy Lake is part of theSuperior Craton of theCanadian Shield and retains features associated with it, such as a large, ancientcaldera andfault lines that can be clearly seen in satellite images of the lake.[11]The Rainy Lake – Seine River Fault zone is astrike-slip fault zone passing through Rainy Lake from Tilson Bay in the southwest to Seine Bay in the northeast.[12]
The Quetico Fault passes through Rainy Lake on an east–west path through McDonald Inlet.[13]The fault system forms a triangular wrench zone separating the granite-greenstone terrain of theWabigoon subprovince to the north from the metasedimentary terrain of theQuetico subprovince to the south.[14]
The rock under the lake and exposed on many of its islands is an exposed part of theNorth American craton composed of ancientPrecambrian rock. This rock has been significantly affected byglaciation, which dominates much of the recent geologic history of the area.
Voyageurs National Park maintains an extensive network of 46 boat-in camping sites on Rainy Lake, in addition to hiking trails and designated snowmobile trails for winter use.
The lake is popular for sport and recreational fishing of species such aswalleye,northern pike,muskellunge,crappie,largemouth andsmallmouth bass, which are all considered excellent freshwatergame fish. Rainy Lake is home to the annual Canadian Bass Championship, which has been held every summer since 1996. The lake is dotted with many small islands on both the Canadian and American sides; numerous fishing cabins, small fishing resorts, and vacation homes have been built on these islands. Fishingtourism and guided fishing services comprise a significant sector of the local economy.
Winter access to Rainy Lake by car is provided by anice road maintained by theNational Park Service of the United States. Popular winter sports includeice fishing,cross-country skiing,snowshoeing, andsnowmobiling.
Rainy Lake spans theCanada–United States border. The laws of Canada and the Province of Ontario apply to the portions of the lake on the Canadian side of the border; the laws of the US and the State of Minnesota apply to those portions on the US side of the border. The relevant law enforcement agencies of each country are responsible for the portions of the lake within their respective borders. The Canadian and US Coast Guards maintain navigational aids on their respective sides of the border. Boaters and fishermen must be aware of the requirements imposed by relevant jurisdictions while traveling or fishing on Rainy Lake (seeExternal links).
Visitors to Canada must report to a Canada Customs office before going ashore in Canada. However, US and Canadian citizens and permanent residents traveling on the lake who wish to go ashore can apply for a CANPASS Remote Area Border Crossing (RABC) permit allowing them to enter into Canada without reporting to Canadian customs. Boaters entering US waters from Canada, and who are citizens or permanent residents of the US and Canada, can apply for the Canadian Border Boat Landing Program (I-68 Permit Program) which allows them to report to US Customs and Border Protection by telephone. With proper documentation, these permits can be obtained at the US and Canadian customs offices located near the International Bridge in International Falls and Fort Frances, respectively.
The level of Rainy Lake is controlled at thehydro-electricpower houses of the international dam that spans the Rainy River between International Falls and Fort Frances, at two water-control dams located at Kettle Falls where the outflow from Namakan Lake enters Rainy Lake, and at the Sturgeon Falls Generating Station located on the Seine River. The companies that own and operate the powerhouses (Boise Paper on the US side and H2O Power Limited Partnership on the Canadian side) are responsible for maintaining lake level and flow changes from the dams within normal ranges, subject to regulatory oversight by the International Rainy-Lake of the Woods Watershed Board (IRLWWB). The IRLWWB is a board of theInternational Joint Commission (IJC), which is a bi-national organization created out of theInternational Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 for the purposes of handling boundary water issues between the United States and Canada.
Rainy Lake (Rainy River) plays a pivotal role inTim O'Brien's novelThe Things They Carried. Other novels set on Rainy Lake include:
Non-fictional works set on Rainy Lake include:
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