| Raid on Souda Bay | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theBattle of the Mediterranean of theSecond World War | |||||||
 The hulk ofHMS York withSirio alongside | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United Kingdom Norway |  Italy | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Reginald Portal | Luigi Faggioni (POW) | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 3 cruisers 1 destroyer 5 tankers and fleet auxiliaries | 2 destroyers 6 MTM (motor assault boats) | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 2 killed 1heavy cruiser 1 tanker | 6 (POW) | ||||||
TheRaid on Souda Bay was an attack by theDecima MAS (X-MAS), a specialist unit of theRegia Marina that used unconventional weapons.Decima MAS usedexplosive boats (MTM) against British ships lying inSouda Bay,Crete, during the early hours of 26 March 1941. The MTM explosive boats had been ferried fromAstypalaia by the destroyersFrancesco Crispi andQuintino Sella and launched at the approaches to the bay. After crossing the threeboom defences, the MTM attacked the Britishheavy cruiserHMS York and theNorwegian tankerPericles (8,324 GRT).
Two MTM hitYork, which took on a list and was towed by the destroyerHMS Hasty and beached;Pericles was sunk in shallow waters. Most of its oil was recovered and the ship eventually was to be refloated, only to founder on tow toAlexandria, breaking up and being sunk by gunfire. The six MTM pilots,Luigi Faggioni, Alessio de Vito, Emilio Barberi, Angelo Cabrini, Tullio Tedeschi and Lino Beccati were taken prisoner and were later awarded the ItalianGold Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d'oro al valor militare). A MTM was recovered undamaged by the British and studied.
The interest of theRegia Marina in small boat warfare lay dormant between 1918 and the diplomatic crisis with Britain over theSecond Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–1936. In 1935 and early 1936, CaptainTeseo Tesei and CaptainElios Toschi tested a human torpedo inLa Spezia on theTyrrhenian Sea and resumed testing in May. The Ethiopian defeat in 1936 ended the tests but work on assault boats continued. On 28 September 1938,Supermarina ordered the IFlottiglia MAS (1st Torpedo Motorboat Flotilla), based at La Spezia, to establish a research department (theSezione Armi Speciali (Special Weapons Section) from 1939. The detachment had a few officers at HQ, seven at a confidential base at Bocca di Serchio for human torpedo and frogman training and another six officers to pilot the assault motorboats, of which seven had been built, plus eleven human torpedoes.[1]
On 24 February 1940, the 1st MAS Flotilla and the Special Weapons Section was taken over by CommanderMario Giorgini and in August attempts to use the unconventional weapons began, with little success and the capture of Giorgini in October. On 23 January 1941 CommanderVittorio Moccagatta replaced Giorgini and on 15 March formed theDecima Flottiglia Motoscafi Armati Siluranti (10th Flotilla, Torpedo Armed Motorboats,Decima MAS). The new force had a HQ, including a plans office and a weapons section. The surface assault boats and the training school (Lieutenant-Commander Giorgio Giobbe) were split from the human torpedoes and other underwater weapons (Lieutenant-Commander Junio Valerio Borghese) , captain of the Italian submarine Scirè.Decima MAS remained at La Spezia and an advanced base was set up inAugusta, Sicily.[2]
TheSiluro lenta corsa (SLC, slow speed torpedo), known as aMaiale (pig), was designed by Tesei and Toschi in 1935 and 1936. By late 1939 about eleven were ready and in July 1940 the production version, Series 100, began to arrive. In 1941 the improved Series 200 became ready for use. The standard 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo with double propellers was changed to one larger propeller in a cowling; seats for a two-man crew were installed, with shields housing the controls. The SLC weighed 1.3–1.4 long tons (1.3–1.4 t) and was 22–24 ft (6.7–7.3 m) long. The 1.6 hp (1.2 kW) electric motor moved themaiale at 2–3 nmi (3.7–5.6 km; 2.3–3.5 mi) at a maximum depth of 50 ft (15 m). At the target the crew detached a 6 ft (1.8 m)-long warhead with 510 to 570 lb (230 to 260 kg) of explosive, detonated by a timer. Themaiale crews the Gamma frogmen wore Belloni rubberised suits with a closed-circuit re-breathing apparatus to avoid bubbles. The Gamma frogmen carried explosive charges, five 9.9 lb (4.5 kg)cimici (bedbugs) or two 26 lb (12 kg)bauletti, (little trunks) and attached them to a ship's hull, with a timed detonation.[3][a]
Maiali and SLCs needed transport close to the target because the re-breather lasted no more than six hours andmaiali had a range of only 4 nmi (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) at full speed and a maximum of 15 nmi (28 km; 17 mi) at cruising speed.[3] The modified destroyersFrancesco Crispi andQuintino Sella, had carried the MTM used in the successful Raid on Souda Bay (25/26 March 1941). TheMotoscafo trasporto lento (MTL, slow transport motorboat) was a wooden-hulled boat 28 ft (8.5 m) long by 9 ft 6 in (2.9 m) wide, to carrymaiali close to the target. The MTL had a range of only 60 nmi (110 km; 69 mi) cruising at 5 kn (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph), few were built and they were rarely used. Surface transport gave way to submarines; early in 1940 the Italian submarine Ametista began tests as amaiale transport. The maximum depth of submersion was only 98 ft (30 m); Italian submarine Iride was converted in July 1940 but was sunk on 21 August. Italian submarine Gondar was sunk on 30 September, even though the threemaiali cylinders could be flooded, allowing the boat to reach a depth of 295 ft (90 m).[5]
The firstMotoscafo turismo (MT) became known asbarchini (little boats) were built in late 1938, six MT being delivered in early 1939. An improved versionMT Modificato (MTM) tested in November 1940, was 20 ft (6.1 m) long. Both types carried an explosive charge of 660–730 lb (300–330 kg) in the bows at up to 31 kn (57 km/h; 36 mph). The MTM was fitted with a seat back/life raft behind the pilot for him to float on after dropping off the MTM, while waiting to be rescued. Twelve MTs were built and about forty MTMs. Early in 1941, a smallerMT Ridotto was built with a height of 3 ft 9 in (1.14 m) to fit inside the deck cylinders of submarines with the same explosive charge but they were never used in this manner.[6]
TheMT Siluranti (MTS, torpedo motorboat), was a small boat carrying one or two modified 450 mm (18 in) torpedoes, the MTS being more manoeuvrable than the usualMotoscafo armato silurante. The first MTS, of early 1941, could reach 28 kn (52 km/h; 32 mph) with a range of 85 nmi (158 km). TheDecima MAS was assisted byRegia Marina MAS boats, which by June1940, had fifty Class 500 MAS and another 25 in 1941 in four versions. The Class 500 was 61 ft (18.7 m) long by 15 ft (4.7 m) wide at the beam, with a displacement of 21.7–28.9 long tons; 24.3–32.4 short tons (22–29.4 t). The MAS had a crew of 9 to 13 men and had two 18 in (450 mm) torpedoes, 6–10 depth charges and a 13.2 mm (0.52 in) heavy machine-gun (replaced in 1941 with a Breda 20 mm cannon). The MAS could move at 44 kn (81 km/h; 51 mph) and had a range of 348–864 nmi (645–1,600 km).
| Name | Acronym | English translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uomini Gamma | — | Gamma Men | Frogmen sabotage specialists |
| Motoscafo armato silurante | MAS | Armed torpedo motorboat | Similar to a BritishMotor torpedo boat (MTB) |
| Motoscafo turismo | MT | Leisure motorboat | Explosive assault boat, 12 built |
| Motoscafo trasporto lento | MTL | Slow transport motorboat | Known asBarchini (little boats) |
| Motoscafo da Turismo Silurante Modificato | MTM | Improved explosive assault motorboat | Forty built |
| Motoscafo turismo ridotto | MTR | Small assault motorboat | |
| Motoscafo turismo silurante | MTS | Torpedo motorboat | |
| MTS modificato | MTSM | Improved torpedo motorboat | |
| Siluro lenta corsa | SLC | Slow human torpedo |
Souda Bay (Suda Bay to the British) is a naturally protected harbour on the north-western coast of the island of Crete, about 4.3 mi (7 km) long with a depth of 33–39 ft (10–12 m) at the mouth, increasing to 230–390 ft (70–120 m) further inside. The bay had been chosen as a target by the X-MAS months before, because it had become a busy anchorage for the refuelling of ships of theRoyal Navy, tankers and other support ships. Recent airreconnaissance had spotted a number of naval and merchant ships at anchor.[8]
On 24 March, aerial reconnaissance photographs showed a cruiser, two destroyers and twelve merchant ships at anchor in Souda Bay. Later information indicated one cruiser and eight merchant ships but by the time the operation, more ships had entered the bay. The heavy cruiserHMS York, the light cruiserGloucester, the anti-aircraft cruiserCalcutta, the destroyerHMS Hasty,RFA Cherryleaf (5,934 GRT) andDumana (8,427 GRT) an RAF flying boat tender and the tankersDesmoulea (8,120 GRT),Marie Mærsk (8,271 GRT) andPericles (8,324 GRT) were present.[9]York had arrived withGloucester from Operation MC 9, escorting Convoy MW 6 to Malta, at 14:00 on 25 March. On the night of 25/26 March 1941,Crispi andSella departed from the island ofAstypalaia, each carrying three 2 long tons (2.0 t) MTM (barchini), the six pilots led byTenente di vascello (Lieutenant)Luigi Faggioni were Alessio de Vito, Emilio Barberi, Angelo Cabrini, Tullio Tedeschi and Lino Beccati. The destroyers were to release the MTM 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) from the mouth of Souda Bay. At 23:30, the destroyers reached the launching point, quickly unloaded the MTM and turned for home.[10]
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The MTMs made their way to the entrance of the bay where one MTM was obstructed by the net barrage but managed to get past and joined the rest of the formation near an islet in the mouth of the bay. At 04:30 on 26 March, Faggioni bypassed the inner net by going close to the shore and then moved along it, towards the centre of the bay, the MTM pilots using oars to move quietly. Faggioni called the boats together and resumed the advance towards the third net barrage, about 3 nmi (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) away.[11]
Two searchlights tuned on as the anti-aircraft cruiserCoventry entered the bay, causing the MTM crews to think that they had been discovered. The MTM then had to wait until there was enough natural light to attack. Faggioni briefed the pilots; two were to attackYork, about 1,600 ft (500 m) away; Faggioni and another MTM pilot waited in reserve in case the attack failed. The fifth and sixth MTM pilots made ready to attack the merchant ships.[11] Soon after 05:00, as dawn was breaking, the first two MTMs moved to about 980 ft (300 m) fromYork and waited for another fifteen minutes for the sky to clear, then sped towards the cruiser, the pilots abandoning their MTM about 260 ft (80 m) from the ship. At 05:11 the officer of the watch onYork heard the sound of an engine, mistook it for an aircraft and before he could raise the alarm the ship was hit.[12]
An explosion occurred amidships on the starboard side, killing two members of the crew.[13] The ship took on a list to starboard and settled by the stern. The two MTMs had exploded againstYork amidships. A hole had been blown in the side of the hull 25 ft × 11 ft (7.6 m × 3.4 m) upwards from the bilge keel. The side plating upwards of the bilge keel for 25 ft (7.6 m) and for 8 ft (2.4 m) below the bilge keel had been severely damaged. A9 and 8B 9 boiler rooms and the forward engine rooms were immediately flooded, with slow flooding in the after engine room and compartments nearby. Steam, lighting and power was lost and the cruiser was immobilised.[14]York was towed to the shore byHasty and beached in 27 ft (8.2 m) of water.[12]Pericles was severely damaged and settled on the bottom. Theanti-aircraft guns of the base opened fire randomly, believing that the base was under air attack. The six pilots were captured, along with an intact MTM.[15]
Ian Playfair, the British official historian of the Mediterranean campaign, wrote in 1956 that the attack was the first of Italian unconventional operation and that took skill and bravery.[16] The British official historian of the Royal Navy,Stephen Roskill, wrote in 1957 that the loss ofYork was the inevitable consequence of using a base that was not adequately defended. The poor defences there limited its use to that of an advanced fuelling station, forcing the Mediterranean Fleet to operate from Alexandria, 500 nmi (930 km; 580 mi) to the south.[17] In 2015, Greene and Massignani wrote that the sinking ofYork was the first success of the MTM which vindicated them as weapons.[18]
The six pilots were captured and an MTM was recovered undamaged; while being inspected there was an explosion, wounding a British officer and damaging the vehicle.[18] The Italians claimed hits that sank another tanker andPericles.[19] The British reported thatYork andPericles were grounded and the other MTM missed their targets, one being stranded on the beach. Anti-aircraft guns around the base opened fire under the impression that the base was under air attack.[15] The six MTM pilots were awarded theMedaglia d'oro al valor militare.[20]
Two British sailors were killed onYork.[13] Faggioni, de Vito, Barberi, Cabrini, Tedeschi and Beccati were captured. The prisoners were well treated at first, Faggioni recalling that a British sailor said, "Good job, isn't it?" Later, Faggioni and his men were subjected to a mock firing squad, with an officer holding a black bandage in his hand. The prisoners were then taken back to prison.[21]
TheRegia Marina and theLuftwaffe argued over the credit for the sinking ofYork but the matter was resolved by British records and by theYork war log, recovered by Italian naval officers, who boarded the half-sunk cruiser after the capture of Crete. A message from Portal, the captain to his Chief Engineering Officer read,
Please take statements from all men who were in boiler and engine rooms when the ship was struck on the 26th, also from any men who can bear witness as to the R.A.s who were lost, being in the engine room. I would like you also to make rough notes now, while events are fresh in your mind, of sequence of damage reports and appreciations as time went on. Also a log of events since we started pumping out. R.P.[22]
In 1957, the retired admiral,Marc' Antonio Bragadin, wrote that he had gone on boardYork during the occupation of Crete, before the Germans arrived and recovered records which showed thatYork had sunk before theLuftwaffe attacked the ship. Damage on the superstructure of the ship was caused by British demolition charges rather than byLuftwaffe bombs.[23] In 2001, David Thomas attributed the loss ofYork to X-MAS rather than the Germans.[24]
York was disabled and run aground, though her anti-aircraft guns still provided air defence to the harbour. On 21 March two divers assessing damage were killed by a near miss during an air raid. A salvage operation involving the submarine,HMS Rover, dispatched fromAlexandria to assistYork with electrical power, was abandoned due to the intensity of the air attacks, which damaged the submarine and forced her return to Egypt.[25] The cruiser was evacuated and her main guns were wrecked with demolition charges by her crew before theBattle of Crete.[26]Pericles was taken in tow by destroyers but broke in two during a storm and was sunk by gunfire on 14 April 1941 35 nmi (65 km; 40 mi) north-west of Alexandria.[27]