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Licensedradio broadcasting in Ireland is one element of the widermedia of Ireland, with 85% of the population listening to a licensedradio broadcasting service on any given day.[1]
Guglielmo Marconi, the Italian inventor and the father of long-distance radio transmission, had a significant connection to Ireland as a descendent of the influentialJameson family, and the country played a crucial role in his early radio experiments.
The earliest known radio broadcast in Ireland took place on 6 July 1898, when Marconi set up a wireless telegraphy link betweenRathlin Island andBallycastle.[2] This communication system was established on behalf ofLloyd's.
In 1907 Marconi International Marine Communication Company the world's first transatlantic wireless telegraphy service in the world inClifden. The station conducted the first successful transmission of the first commercial wireless messages across the Atlantic Ocean between Clifden and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada. The station remained in operation until the late 1920s, when it was closed due to advancements in more powerful transatlantic wireless stations.
AMorse code transmission on 24 April 1916 from theGeneral Post Office in Dublin by the rebels during theEaster Rising is considered the first broadcast in Ireland.[3] Regular radio broadcasting in Ireland began with 2RN's test transmissions in 1925.[4]2RN has since becomeRTÉ Radio 1, which celebrated 90 years of uninterrupted broadcasting in January 2016, making it amongst the oldest continuously operating (if not the actual oldest), continuously public service radio station in Europe.RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta launched in 1972, and RTÉ Radio 2, nowRTÉ 2FM, launched in 1979.
Commercial radio was outlawed in Ireland until 1989, leading to the development ofIrish pirate radio. Upon legalisation, licences were advertised and awarded on a franchise system explained in the article for a national service and a network of regional services covering the country. These all took to the air during 1989 and 1990, and although the national service (Century) eventually failed, all the local services lasted until their licence was revoked, or still exist. Additional licences have been added on an erratic basis since the late 1990s.
An "international" service,Atlantic 252, also operated on 252 kHzlong wave between 1989 and 2002, although it was aimed solely at the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was never subject to the authority of the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI)[citation needed] and was operated under RTÉ's remit as a joint venture between RTÉ andCLT-UFA. After a short period as a sports station (TeamTalk), the frequencies reverted to sole RTÉ control and were used as an additional frequency for RTÉ Radio 1 until transmissions ceased in April 2023, with running costs cited as the reason.
In Ireland,Community Radio has been active since the late 1970s. However, it took until 1994 before the Independent Radio and Television Commission established an 18-month community radio pilot project to explore and evaluate the potential offered by community broadcasting in an Irish context. This project went operational in 1995, when licenses were issued to eleven community and community of interest groups across the country. 2004 saw the establishment ofCRAOL the Community Radio Forum of Ireland.[5]
Aside from the stations operated byRaidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), radio stations in Ireland operate under sound broadcasting contracts issued by theCoimisiún na Meán. This body replaced theBroadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI) in 2023 and supervises and regulates RTÉ, commercial Independent National, Regional, and Local Radio stations, as well as the non-profitCommunity Radio stations, Institutional Services and Temporary Services.
All stations broadcast onFM, and RTÉ Radio 1 also broadcast on 252 kHzlong wave until April 2023, which was mainly intended for reception outside Ireland. RTÉ radio services are also availablefree-to-air on digital satellite, as isNewstalk, and a number of recently licensed services or applicants have used satellite transmission to homes as part of the licence applications.
Medium wave (AM) licences were issued for new commercial stations for Limerick and Galway in 2002, although these services never reached the air and were later withdrawn. A medium wave licence was awarded for quasi-national religious serviceSpirit Radio.
During 2006, a group, Choice FM, applied for and received permission to broadcasting on MW in the Dublin area over a period of thirty days. The "easy listening" radio station relayed its FM programming on 1278 kHz MW and operated opt-out programming at various times. The group is said to be interested in obtaining one of the four MW channels that are allocated to the Dublin area, however the future schedule for licensing does not indicate that any MW licences will be offered on a permanent basis.
During 2007, a radio station called The Rock obtained a temporary classic rock music service. The station broadcast on 94.9 FM and also on 1278 kHz MW. The Rock was operated by the same group that operated Choice FM during 2005 and 2006, although different MW facilities were used by the group during 2007.
Raidió Teilifís Éireann andBauer Media Audio Ireland dominate the national radio broadcasting sector. RTÉ operates Radio 1, 2FM, the Irish Language station RnaG, and classical station Lyric FM. The two national commercial stations are both owned by Bauer Media Audio Ireland - Today FM and Newstalk.
Ownership rules were relaxed in the mid-2000s, which saw several companies buying up local and national commercial stations, includingScottish Radio Holdings, who sold their stations toEmap, who eventually sold on those stations to Denis O'Brien'sCommunicorp. The ownership of commercial radio in Ireland is largely by two companies;Bauer Media Audio Ireland which owns two national, one regional and two local stations, andNews Broadcasting, which owns six local stations.
The rest of the stations, mostly small services, are generally owned by local businesses, with notable proprietors of stakes includingThomas Crosbie Holdings, theRoman Catholic Church and theMid Western Area Health Board.
Until 31 March 2021, RTÉ also broadcast six DAB stations. These stations are now available via other digital platforms.
| Station | Genre | FM | Saorview DTT | Virgin Media | Sky | Freesat | Internet radio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RTÉ Radio 1 | Mixed network - speech and music | 88-90 MHz | 200 | 0160 | m3u | ||
| RTÉ Radio 1 Extra | Speech | 201 | 940 | m3u | |||
| RTÉ 2FM | Popular music | 90-92 MHz | 202 | 0164 | m3u | ||
| RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta | Mixed network in Irish language | 93-94 MHz | 204 | 0166 | m3u | ||
| RTÉ Lyric FM | Classical music | 96-99 MHz | 203 | 0165 | m3u | ||
| RTÉ 2XM | Alternative music | 206 | 944 | m3u | |||
| RTÉ Pulse | Electronic dance music | 205 | 943 | m3u | |||
| RTÉ Gold | Classic hits | 208 | m3u | ||||
| RTÉ Chill | Chillout and ambient music | 209 | |||||
| RTÉ Junior | Children's music, stories and poetry | 209 | 942 | m3u |
Broadcasting toGreater Dublin (Dublin city andcounty; limited parts ofCounty Kildare,County Meath andCounty Wicklow),Cork city andcounty,Limerick city andcounty,Galway city andcounty andCounty Clare:
All services are licensed for "youth" content, no franchises area geographically overlap, and the entire country is served apart from County Wicklow and the cities and counties of Cork and Dublin, both of which have "youth" licensed services (Red FM and SPIN 1038 respectively). Beat 102-103 was the first to air, and was a pilot for the rest of the system.
In 2011, i102-104 and i105-107 merged to become oneiRadio entity.
There are 25 commercial stations (Independent Local Radio - ILR) licensed on a regional franchise basis. Often severalcounties of Ireland are covered by one station only, but Dublin and Cork have several. The majority of the ILR stations collectively own the sales house, Independent Radio Sales.
Except for the two original ILR licenses - 98FM and FM104 - each additional ILR license in Dublin was awarded for a specific format, intending on meeting demands which it was felt that 98FM and FM104 were not catering to. The majority of stations heard in Dublin can also be heard in North East Kildare, South Meath and North Wicklow.
Community Radio covers specific local communities or communities of interest. These operate on a non-commercial basis. In Ireland, the BAI requires that community radio stations subscribe to theWorld Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC) Community Radio Charter for Europe. Community radio in Ireland is represented byCRAOL. Currently there are 20 fully licensed community radio stations on air in Ireland, with offers of contracts from theBroadcasting Authority of Ireland, while there are 42 stations in the process of obtaining a licence.
Special interest services resemble ILRs in most ways, but must be of specialist interest — e.g. heavier local interest content, or specialist music. Only one such station is licensed,Dublin City FM, which brand themselves as 103.2 Dublin City FM on-air, and DUB CITY on RDS. Dublin City FM are essentially a community station with specialist traffic reports around rush-hour periods.
The BAI may also issue licenses to institutions, such as hospitals and colleges, for the provision of low-powered FM services. At present, there are five such stations in operation; all of them arehospital radio stations, with the existing student radio stations operating under community radio or temporary licenses.
Stations may also be licensed to operate for shorter periods, with temporary licenses allowing stations to operate for up to thirty days in a given twelve-month period. These licenses may be used by stations providing a service to coincide with local, cultural and sporting events or festivals. Another group of stations to avail of this type of license are those that are being run as pilot projects; successful stations may later be established as Community Radio stations, or run for a permanent license.
One such temporary licence station wasSunrise Radio, which broadcast poly-lingual programming in the Dublin area for several months from March 2006.[7][8] While its licence was renewed for the following year, it was not made permanent, and the broadcast frequency later allocated to another station.[9]
Radio Oglaigh na h-Éireann (Irish pronunciation:[ˈɾˠadʲiːoːˈoːɡl̪ˠiːn̪ˠəˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ]) was established in 1962 to provide ashort wave service toIrish Defence Forces serving inUnited Nationspeacekeeping missions inCongo. Daily broadcasts were made on 17.544 MHz at 17:30 UTC, using a transmitter located at theCurragh Camp. Programmes, which were provided byRadio Éireann, included news, sports results, music and drama, includingThe Kennedys of Castleross. The service was discontinued after several years, when the Irish peacekeeping mission in Congo terminated.[12]
