 Monogram of Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines | |
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|---|---|
| Frequencies | 106.0 and 94.0MHz[1] |
| Programming | |
| Languages | Kinyarwanda,French |
| Ownership | |
| Owner | Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines S.A. |
| History | |
First air date | July 8, 1993 (1993-07-08) |
Last air date | July 31, 1994 (1994-07-31) |
Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) (Kinyarwanda:Radiyo yigenga y'imisozi igihumbi,lit. 'Free Radio Television of the Thousand Hills'), nicknamed "Radio Genocide" or "Hutu Power Radio", was aRwandanradio station which broadcast from July 8, 1993, to July 31, 1994. It played a significant role inincitingRwandan genocide that took place from April to July 1994, and has been described by some scholars as having been ade facto arm of theHutu regime in Rwanda.[2]
The station's name inFrench derives from the description of Rwanda as"Land of a Thousand Hills". It received support from the government-controlledRadio Rwanda, which initially allowed it to transmit using their equipment.[3]
Widely listened to by the general population, it projectedhate propaganda againstTutsis, moderateHutus,Belgians, and theUnited Nations Mission Assistant for Rwanda (UNAMIR). It is regarded by many Rwandan citizens (a view also shared and expressed by the UN war crimes tribunal) as having played a crucial role in creating the atmosphere of charged racial hostility that allowed the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda to occur. A working paper published atHarvard University found that RTLM broadcasts were an important part of the process of mobilising the population, which complemented the mandatoryUmuganda meetings.[4] RTLM has been described as "radio genocide", "death by radio" and "the soundtrack to genocide".[5]
 Human skulls at the Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre |
| Part ofa series on the |
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Planning for RTLM began in 1992 by Hutu hard-liners, in response to the increasingly non-partisan stance ofRadio Rwanda and growing popularity ofRwandese Patriotic Front's (RPF)Radio Muhabura.[6] RTLM was established the next year, and began broadcasting in July 1993.[7] The station railed against theon-going peace talks between the predominantly Tutsis RPF and PresidentJuvénal Habyarimana, whose family supported the radio station.[8][9] It became a popular station since it offered frequent contemporary musical selections, unlike state radio, and quickly developed a faithful audience among young Rwandans, who later made up the bulk of theInterahamwe militia.[citation needed]
Félicien Kabuga was allegedly heavily involved in the founding and bankrolling of RTLM, as well asKangura magazine.[10][11] In 1993, at an RTLM fundraising meeting organized by the MRND, Felicien Kabuga allegedly publicly defined the purpose of RTLM as the defence ofHutu Power.[12]
The station is considered to have preyed upon the deep animosities and prejudices of manyHutus. The hateful rhetoric was placed alongside the sophisticated use of humor and popularZairean music.[citation needed] It frequently referred to Tutsis as "cockroaches" (example: "You [Tutsis] are cockroaches! We will kill you!").
Critics claim that the Rwandan government fostered the creation of RTLM as "Hate Radio", to circumvent the fact they had committed themselves to a ban against "harmful radio propaganda" in theUN's March 1993 joint communiqué inDar es Salaam.[3] However RTLM directorFerdinand Nahimana claimed that the station was founded primarily to counter the propaganda byRPF'sRadio Muhabura.[citation needed]
In January 1994, the station broadcast messages beratingUNAMIR commanderRoméo Dallaire for failing to prevent the killing of approximately 50 people in a UN-demilitarized zone.[13]
After Habyarimana's private plane was shot down on April 6, 1994, RTLM joined the chorus of voices blaming Tutsis rebels, and began calling for a "final war" to "exterminate" the Tutsis.[9]
During the genocide, the RTLM acted as a source for propaganda by inciting hatred and violence against Tutsis, against Hutus who were for the peace accord, against Hutus who married Tutsis, and by advocating the annihilation of all Tutsis in Rwanda. The RTLM reported the latest massacres, victories, and political events in a way that promoted their anti-Tutsi agenda. In an attempt to dehumanize and degrade, the RTLM consistently referred to Tutsis and the RPF as 'cockroaches' during their broadcasts.[14] The music of HutuSimon Bikindi was played frequently. He had two songs, "Bene Sebahinzi" ("Sons of the Father of the Farmers"), and "Nanga Abahutu" ("I Hate Hutus"), which were later interpreted as inciting hatred against the Tutsis and genocide.[15]
And you people who live ... near Rugunga ... go out. You will see the cockroaches' (inkotanyi) straw huts in the marsh ... I think that those who have guns should immediately go to these cockroaches ... encircle them and kill them ..."
One of the major reasons that RTLM was so successful in communication was because other forms of news sources such astelevision andnewspapers were not able to be as popularized because of lack of resources. In addition to this communication barrier, areas where there were high rates ofilliteracy and lack of education amongst the citizens remain some of the most violent areas during the genocide against Tutsis.[17] The villages outside of the transmission zone of RTLM experienced spillover violence from villages that actually received the radio transmissions. An estimated 10% of all the violence within the genocide against Tutsis resulted from the hateful radio transmissions sent out from RTLM. Not only did RTLM increase general violence, but full radio coverage areas increased the number of persons prosecuted for any violence by about 62–69%.[18] However, a 2018 paper questions the findings of that study.[19]
As the genocide was taking place, the United States military drafted a plan to jam RTLM's broadcasts, but this action was never taken, with officials claiming that the cost of the operation, international broadcast agreements and "the American commitment to free speech" made the operation unfeasible.[20]
When French forces entered Rwanda duringOpération Turquoise, which was ostensibly to provide a safe zone for those escaping the genocide but was also alleged to be in support of the Hutu-dominated interim government, RTLM broadcast fromGisenyi, calling on 'you Hutus girls to wash yourselves and put on a good dress to welcome our French allies. The Tutsis girls are all dead, so you have your chance.'[21]
When the Tutsi-ledRPF army won control of the country in July, RTLM took mobile equipment and fled toZaire with Hutu refugees.
TheInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda's (ICTR) action against RTLM began on 23 October 2000 – along with the trial ofHassan Ngeze, director and editor of theKangura magazine.
On 19 August 2003, at the tribunal in Arusha,life sentences were requested for RTLM leadersFerdinand Nahimana, andJean Bosco Barayagwiza. They were charged with genocide,incitement to genocide, andcrimes against humanity, before and during the period of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis.
On 3 December 2003, the court found all three defendants guilty and sentenced Nahimana and Ngeze to life imprisonment and Barayagwiza to imprisonment for 35 years - this was appealed. The Appeal judgment, issued on 27 November 2007 reduced the sentences of all three - Nahimana getting 30 years, Barayagwiza getting 32 and Ngeze getting 35, with the court overturning convictions on certain counts.
On 14 December 2009, RTLM announcerValérie Bemeriki was convicted by agacaca court in Rwanda and sentenced to life imprisonment for her role in inciting genocidal acts.
Dramatised RTLM broadcasts are heard inHotel Rwanda.
In the filmSometimes in April the main character's brother is an employee of RTLM.Controversy develops when attempting to prosecute radio broadcasters because offree speech issues.
The filmShooting Dogs makes use of recordings from RTLM.
The title ofThe New York Times journalist Bill Berkeley's novel,The Graves are Not Yet Full (2001), is taken from a notorious RTLM broadcast in Kigali, 1994: "You have missed some of the enemies. You must go back there and finish them off. The graves are not yet full!"[32]
The Swiss theatre makerMilo Rau 're-enacted' an RTLM radio broadcast in his playHate Radio, which premiered in 2011 and featured on theBerliner Festspiele in 2012 (with audience discussion).[33] He also made it into a radio-play and a film and wrote a book about it.[34]
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