Colombians descend mainly from three racial groups—Europeans,Amerindians, andAfricans—that have mixed throughout the last 500 years of Colombia's history. Some demographers describe Colombia as one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the Western Hemisphere and in the World, with 900 different ethnic groups. Most Colombians identify themselves and others according to ancestry, physical appearance, and sociocultural status. Social relations reflect the importance attached to certain characteristics associated with a given racial group. Although these characteristics no longer accurately differentiate social categories, they still contribute to one's rank in the social hierarchy. A study from Rojas et al. involving 15departments determined that the average Colombian (of all races) has a mixture of 47% Amerindian, 42% European, and 11% African.^[2] These proportions also vary widely among ethnicities.

Colombia officially acknowledges three ethnic minority groups: the Afro-Colombian, indigenous, andRomani populations. The Afro-Colombian population consists mainly of the African diaspora,mulattoes,raizales, palenqueros, andzambos (a term used since colonial times for individuals of mixed Amerindian and African ancestry). A 1999 resolution of theMinistry of the Interior and Justice acknowledged the Romani population as a Colombian ethnic group, although Romani people were not recognized in the1991 constitution (unlike theAfro-Colombian andindigenous populations). Estimates vary widely, but the 2018 census found that the ethnic minority populations had increased significantly since the 1993 census, possibly owing to the methodology used. Specifically, it reported that theAfro-Colombian population accounted for 6.68 percent of the national population; theAmerindian population, for 4.31 percent; and the others like Romani for 0.06 percent^[4]The 2018 census reported that the "non-ethnic population", consisting ofwhites andmestizos, constituted 87 percent of the national population.^[5] A study by Latinobarómetro in 2023 estimates that 50.3% of the population areMestizo or around 26 million people, 26.4% areWhite, 9.5% areIndigenous or around 5 million people, 9.0% areBlack, 4.4% areMulatto, and 0.4% areAsian, however estimates of each vary between sources. Therefore, it can be estimated that 26 million people are Mestizos (being the largest ethnic group in the country), 14 million people are White (includes castizos and euro-descendants), 5 million people are Indigenous, 5 million people are Black (excluding mulattos), 2 million people are Mulatto, and 200 thousand people are Asian, showcasing the diversity of Colombia as a nation.^[6]

Rojas et al. (2010) measured the genetic mixture for fourteen Colombian departments:^[2]

The various groups exist in differing concentrations throughout the nation, in a pattern that to some extent goes back to colonial origins. TheWhites tend to live mainly in the urban centers likeBogotá orMedellín. The populations of the major cities are primarily mestizo and white. The largeMestizo population includes mostcampesinos (people living in rural areas) of the Andean highlands, where some Spanish conquerors mixed with the women of Amerindianchiefdoms. Mestizos had always lived in the cities as well, as artisans and small tradesmen, and they have played a major part in the urban expansion of recent decades.^[5]According to the 2005 census, the heaviest concentration of the indigenous population (22 to 61 percent) is located in the departments ofAmazonas,La Guajira,Guainía,Vaupés, andVichada. The secondary concentrations of 6 to 21 percent are located in the departments ofSucre,Córdoba,Chocó,Cauca andNariño. Amerindian communities have legal autonomy to enforce their own traditional laws and customs. Despite being around 4-10% of the population, the indigenous population has managed to regain nearly a quarter of the country's land titles under the 1991 constitution.^[7]

People withAfrican ancestry in Colombia are concentrated mostly in coastal areas.

Amerindian population of Colombia by municipality in 2005

The 1991 National Constitution of Colombia defined Territorial Entities (Entidades Territoriales) as departments, districts, municipalities and indigenous territories. Within anIndigenous Territory Entity (ETI) the people have autonomy in managing their interests, and within the limits of the constitution have the right to manage resources and define taxes required to perform their duties. ETIs are to be defined by the government in conformance with the Organic Law on Land Management.However, this law has yet to be sanctioned so in practice the territories are unregulated.^[8]

The Black, Zambo and Mulatto populations have largely remained in the lowland areas on theCaribbean andPacific coasts, itsislands, and along theCauca andMagdalena Rivers. The Afro descendent Colombian population is concentrated primarily (21% to 80% of their departments) in the departments of Chocó,San Andrés,Bolívar and in the lowland parts of Cauca (communities such as Lopez de Micay, Guapi, and Timbiqui), andValle del Cauca departments (in areas like the largest city on the Pacific coast, Buenaventura, and large concentration in Cali), with secondary concentrations (10 to 18 percent of the departments) inAtlántico, Córdoba,Magdalena, Nariño (communities like El Charco, Tumaco and Barbacoas), Antioquia (mostly in Uraba region), La Guajira, Cesar, and Sucre departments. Chocó is the department with the largest concentration of African-descendants in Colombia.^[9]

The population of theArchipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, which Colombia inherited from Spain after the Spanish had overcome an initial British settlement, is mostly Afro-Colombian, including several thousandraizal blacks. Despite the length of time during which Colombia has had jurisdiction over them, mostraizales on these Caribbean islands have retained theirProtestant religion, have continued to speak anEnglish-basedcreole language as well as English, and have regarded themselves as a group distinct from mainland residents. A minute percentage of the insular population originated inScotland andSyria.^[10]

Ethnic groups according to self identification. Data from the 2018 Colombian Census.

Department	Total population (2018)	Indigenous[11]	%[11]	Afro-Colombian[12]	%[12]	Other(most beingMestizo orWhite)	%
Amazonas	66,056	38,130	57.7	486	0.73	27,440	41.5
Antioquia	5,974,788	37,628	0.60	312,112	5.22	5,625,048	94.1
Arauca	239,503	6,573	2.70	10,058	4.19	222,872	93.0
Atlántico	2,342,265	39,061	1.70	140,142	5.98	2,163,062	92.3
Bogotá	7,181,469	19,063	0.30	66,934	0.93	7,095,472	98.8
Bolívar	1,909,460	5,204	0.30	319,396	16.7	1,584,860	83.0
Boyacá	1,135,698	7,151	0.60	4,247	0.37	1,124,300	98.9
Caldas	923,472	55,801	6.00	14,716	1.59	852,955	92.3
Caquetá	359,602	8,825	2.50	5,087	1.41	345,690	96.1
Casanare	379,892	6,893	1.80	6,130	1.61	366,869	96.5
Cauca	1,243,503	308,455	24.8	245,362	19.7	689,686	55.4
Cesar	1,098,577	51,233	4.70	142,436	12.9	904,908	82.3
Chocó	457,412	68,415	15.0	337,696	73.8	51,301	11.2
Córdoba	1,555,596	202,621	13.0	102,495	6.58	1,250,480	80.4
Cundinamarca	2,792,877	9,949	0.40	13,092	0.46	2,769,836	99.1
Guainía	44,431	33,280	74.9	460	1.03	10,691	24.0
Guaviare	73,081	6,856	9.40	2,991	4.09	63,234	86.5
Huila	1,009,548	12,194	1.20	5,099	0.50	992,255	98.3
La Guajira	825,365	394,683	47.8	60,475	7.32	370,207	44.8
Magdalena	1,263,788	20,938	1.70	106,318	8.41	1,136,532	89.9
Meta	919,129	20,528	2.20	8,836	0.96	889,765	96.8
Nariño	1,335,521	206,455	15.5	233,062	17.45	896,004	67.1
Norte de Santander	1,346,806	4,545	0.60	5,470	0.40	1,336,791	99.2
Putumayo	283,197	50,694	17.9	10,262	3.62	222,241	78.4
Quindío	509,640	2,883	0.60	6,060	1.18	500,697	98.2
Risaralda	839,597	29,909	3.60	16,733	1.99	792,955	94.4
San Andrés y Providencia	48,299	20	0.00	26,873	55.6	21,406	44.3
Santander	2,008,841	1,262	0.10	22,759	1.13	1,984,820	98.8
Sucre	864,036	104,890	12.1	102,836	11.9	656,310	75.9
Tolima	1,228,763	45,269	3.70	5,207	0.42	1,178,287	95.8
Valle del Cauca	3,789,874	30,844	0.80	647,526	17.0	3,111,504	82.1
Vaupés	37,690	30,787	81.7	288	0.76	6,615	17.5
Vichada	76,642	44,578	58.2	580	0.75	31,484	41.0

Since independence both Amerindians and blacks have continued to reside on the outskirts of national life. As a group, however, blacks have become more integrated into the national society and have left a greater mark on it for several reasons. Moreover, the blacks came from different areas ofAfrica, often did not share the same language or culture, and were not grouped into organized social units on arrival in theNew World. Despite slave revolts, no large community of escaped slaves survived in isolation to preserve its African heritage, as did themaroons in Jamaica,^[13] except for the village of Palenque de San Basilio, located southeast of Cartagena, which was one of the walled communities called 'palenques', founded by escaped slaves as a refuge in the seventeenth century. Of the many palenques that existed in former times, only the one of San Basilio has survived until the present day and developed into a unique cultural space.^[14]

Finally, despite their position on the bottom rung of the social ladder, black slaves often had close relations—as domestic servants—with Spaniards and British and were therefore exposed to Spanish culture much more than were the Amerindians. Thus, blacks became a part of Colombian society from the beginning, adopting the ways of the Spanish that were permitted them and learning their language. By the end of the colonial period, the blacks thought of themselves as Colombians and felt superior to the Amerindians, who officially occupied higher status, were nominally free, and were closer in skin color, facial features, and hair texture to the emerging mestizo mix.^[15]

Many blacks left slave status early in Colombian history, becoming part of the free population. Their owners awarded freedom to some, others purchased their liberty, but probably the greatest number achieved freedom by escape. Many slaves were liberated as a result of revolts, particularly in the Cauca valley and along the Caribbean coast. The elimination of slavery began with afree-birth law in 1821, but total emancipation was enacted only in 1851, becoming effective on January 1, 1852.^[15]

Those blacks who achieved freedom sometimes moved into Amerindian communities, but blacks and zambos remained at the bottom of the social scale and were important only as a source of labor. Others founded their own settlements, mainly in unsettled lands of the Pacific basin where they were calledcimarrones (maroons). Those regions were very unhealthy, inhospitable, and dangerous. Several towns, such asSan Basilio de Palenque in the present department of Bolívar, andSan José de Uré in southern Córdoba, kept the history of revolt alive in theiroral traditions. In the Chocó area, along the Pacific, many of the black communities remained relatively unmixed, probably because there were few whites in the area, and the Amerindians became increasingly resistant to assimilation.^[15]

In other regions, such asSan Andrés y Providencia, or theMagdalena valley, black communities had considerable white and/or Amerindianadmixture. Descendants of slaves have preserved relatively little of their African heritage or identification. Some placenames are derived from African languages, and some traditional musical instruments brought into the country by slaves are used throughout the country. Religion in the black communities remains the most durable link with the African past. Wholly black communities have been disappearing, not only because their residents have been moving to the cities but also because the surrounding mestizo and white populations have been moving into black communities. Eventual absorption into the mixed milieu appears inevitable. Moreover, as blacks have moved into the mainstream of society from its peripheries, they have perceived the advantages of better education and jobs. Rather than forming organizations to promote their advancement as a group, blacks have for the most part concentrated on achieving mobility through individual effort and adaptation to the prevailing system.^[16]

Afro-Colombians are entitled to all constitutional rights and protections, but they continue to face significant economic and social discrimination. According to the 2005 census, an estimated 74 percent of Afro-Colombians earned less than theminimum wage. Chocó, the department with the highest percentage of Afro-Colombian residents, had the lowest level of social investment per capita and ranked last in terms of education, health, and infrastructure. It also continued to experience some of the country's worst political violence, asparamilitaries andguerrillas struggled for control of the department's key drug- and weapons-smuggling corridors.^[16]

This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(February 2022)

The television comedySábados Felices has been criticised for including a blackface character.^[17][18]

Colombia has received across its history different groups of immigrants.

White Colombians are mainly ofSpanish descent, who arrived in the beginning of the 16th century when Colombia was part of theSpanish Empire. During the 19th and 20th centuries, other European^[19][20] andMiddle Eastern^[21] peoples migrated to Colombia, notablyItalian^[22][23] andLebanese^[24] people but alsoIrish,^[25]Germans,^[26][27]French,^[28]Palestinians,^[29]Syrians^[30] among others.

Colombia was one of early focus ofBasque andSephardi immigration.^[31] Between 1540 and 1559, 8.9% of the residents of Colombia were of Basque origin. Basque priests introduced handball into Colombia.^[32] Jewish converts to Christianity and some crypto-Jews also sailed with the early conquistadors.^[33]

Many immigrant communities have settled on the Caribbean coast, in particular recent immigrants from theMiddle East.Barranquilla (the largest city of the Colombian Caribbean) and other Caribbean cities have the largest populations ofLebanese,Palestinian, and otherArabs.^[34][35] In some sectors of society there is a considerable input ofItalian andGerman ancestry.^[36]

There are also important communities ofChinese,Japanese,Romanis andJews.^[37]British andJamaicans migrated mainly to the islands of San Andres and Providencia.^[33]

Since 2010 there is a major migration trend ofVenezuelans, due to the political and economic situation in Venezuela.^[38]

• Demographics of Colombia
• Immigration to Colombia

• Bushnell, David and Rex A. Hudson. "Racial distinctions". InColombia: A Country Study (Rex A. Hudson, ed.).Library of CongressFederal Research Division (2010).Archived February 15, 2013, at theWayback Machine This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.

• Ethnic groups in Colombia
• Society of Colombia
• Race in Latin America
• Latin American caste system

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