| RSM-56 Bulava[1] | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Bulava launched from submarineYuri Dolgoruky on 28 October 2011 | |
| Type | SLBM |
| Place of origin | Russia |
| Service history | |
| In service | 2018–present[2] |
| Used by | Russian Navy |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology |
| Manufacturer | Votkinsk Plant State Production Association |
| Unit cost | $32.2 million (2012)[3] |
| Produced | 2011 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 36.8 t (36.2 long tons; 40.6 short tons) |
| Length | 11.5 m (38 ft) (without warhead) 12.1 m (40 ft) (launch container) |
| Diameter | 2 m (6 ft 7 in) (missile) 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) (launch container) |
| Warhead | 6 × 150kt[4]MIRVs[5][6][7] |
| Engine | Three stagesolid andliquid head stage |
| Payload capacity | 1150 kg |
| Propellant | Solid propellant and liquid fuel |
Operational range | 8,300 km[8] ≥ 9,300,[9] 10,000km[10][better source needed] |
Guidance system | Inertial guidance, possibly withAstro-inertial guidance and/orGLONASS update |
| Accuracy | 250-300 m CEP[11] |
Launch platform | Borei-classsubmarines Typhoon-class submarineDmitri Donskoi (as atestbed)[12] |
TheRSM-56 Bulava (Russian:Булава,lit. "mace",NATO reporting namesSS-N-30 /SS-NX-32,[13]GRAU index3M30,3K30) is asubmarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) developed for theRussian Navy and deployed in 2019 on the newBorei class ofballistic missile nuclear submarines. It is intended to serve as a crucial component of Russia'snuclear triad.[14]
Designed byMoscow Institute of Thermal Technology, development of the missile was launched in the late 1990s as a replacement for theR-39 Rif solid-fuel SLBM.[15] The Project 955/955A Borei-class submarines carry 16 missiles per vessel.
A source in the Russian defense industry told TASS on June 29, 2018, that the D-30 missile system with the R-30 Bulava intercontinental ballistic missile had been accepted for service in the Russian Navy after its successful four-missile salvo launch tests in 2018.[16]
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The Bulava missile was developed by Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology under the leadership of chief designerYury Solomonov [ru]. Although it utilizes some engineering solutions used for the recentRT-2PM2 Topol-M ICBM, the new missile has been developed virtually from scratch.[citation needed] The Bulava is the submarine version of the Topol-M, and is both lighter and thinner than the Volna.[17] The two missiles are expected to have comparable ranges, and similarCEP andwarhead configurations.[citation needed] Bulava has a declared START throw weight of 1150 kg to 9,500 kilometers.[18]
The missile has three stages; the first and second stages usesolid fuel propellant, while the third stage uses aliquid fuel to allow high maneuverability duringwarhead separation.[citation needed] The missile can be launched from an inclined position, allowing asubmarine to fire them while moving.[citation needed] It has a low flight trajectory, and due to this could be classified as aquasi-ballistic missile.[19] It is rumored to possess advanced missile defense evasion capabilities and can maneuver at its boost stage.[20]
Borei-class submarines carrying Bulava missiles are expected to be an integral part of the Russian nuclear triad until 2040.[citation needed]
Bulava can be loaded onTEL road mobile launchers, on railway BZhRK trains and other various launchers.[citation needed]
In the 1990s, Russia had two submarine-launched ICBMs, the solid-fuelR-39 and the liquid-fuelR-29 Vysota family, both developed by theMakeyev Design Bureau. A new missile, designatedR-39UTTH Bark was under development to replace the R-39. The Bark was planned to become the only submarine-launched ballistic missile of the Russian nuclear arsenal.[21] However, its development was plagued with problems, and after three test failures the Bark programme was canceled in 1998. Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology was now tasked with developing a new advanced missile. The institute promised that it would be able to quickly develop a new naval missile based on its recentTopol-M land-based ICBM.[citation needed]
The new missile would be deployed per 16 missiles on the Borei I (Project 955) and Borei II (Project 955A) class submarines.[22][23] As the new submarines would not be ready in time for flight tests, theTyphoon-class submarineDmitry Donskoy was upgraded to carry Bulavas.[24]
Key people involved in the decision to develop Bulava included the institute director and Bulava's chief designer Yury Solomonov; director of the Defense Ministry's Fourth Central Research Institute, Major-GeneralVladimir Dvorkin; Navy Commander, Fleet AdmiralVladimir Kuroyedov; Defense Minister, MarshalIgor Sergeyev; Economics MinisterYakov Urinson and Prime MinisterViktor Chernomyrdin.[citation needed]
The missile completed the first stage launch-tests at the end of 2004. Although it was initially planned to base the Bulava design on the Topol-M, the first tests showed that the new missile was completely different in terms of appearance, dimensions and warhead lay-out.[citation needed] It was later acknowledged that the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology had developed Bulava virtually from scratch, reusing only a few engineering solutions from the Topol-M.[citation needed]
The missile's flight test programme was problematic. Until 2009, there were 6 failures in 13 flight tests and one failure during ground test, blamed mostly on substandard components. This led to the missile's chief designer, Yury Solomonov resigning from his post in July 2009.[citation needed]Aleksandr Sukhodolskiy was appointed as the new general designer of sea-based ballistic missiles at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology; Solomonov however retained his post of general designer of land-based missiles.[25]
After a failure in December 2009, further tests were put on hold and a probe was conducted to find out the reasons for the failures. Testing was resumed on 7 October 2010 with a launch from theTyphoon-classsubmarineDmitri Donskoi in theWhite Sea; the warheads successfully hit their targets at theKura Test Range in theRussian Far East.[citation needed] Seven launches have been conducted since the probe, all successful. On 28 June 2011, the missile was launched for the first time from its standard carrier, Borei-class submarineYury Dolgorukiy, and on 27 August 2011 the first full-range (over 9,000 km (5,600 mi)) flight test was conducted. After this successful launch, the start of serial production of Bulava missiles in the same configuration was announced on 28 June 2011. A successfulsalvo launch on 23 December 2011 concluded the flight test programme. The missile was officially approved for service on 27 December 2011,[citation needed] and was reported to be commissioned aboardYuri Dolgorukiy on 10 January 2013. The missile did however continue to fail in the summer of 2013 and was not operational as of November 2013.[26] The Bulava became operational aboardYury Dolgorukiy as of October 2015.[27] However, recent developments put this in question. In November 2015, the submarineVladimir Monomakh fired two missiles while submerged. One of the missiles self-destructed during the boost phase and the other failed to deliver its warheads to the specified target. After being sent back to the manufacturer, it was determined that the missiles failed due to manufacturing defects.[28]
After two successful tests in June 2017 and May 2018, a source in the Russian defense industry told TASS on June 29, 2018, that the D-30 missile system with the R-30 Bulava intercontinental ballistic missile had been accepted for service in the Russian Navy.[16]
Chief designer Solomonov blamed the failures on the poor state of theRussian defense industry and problems in the design-technology-production chain.
According to Solomonov, the industry is unable to manufacture 50 of the necessary components for the missile, forcing designers to improvise and look for alternative solutions, which seriously complicates the testing process. Solomonov further said that despite the failures, there was no need for changes in the design.[29]
Sergei Kovalyov, the designer of three generations of Russian strategic submarines said that due to lack of funding, the developers had been unable to conduct test launches from a floating pad to test the underwater segment of the missile's trajectory. He also said that there were insufficient funds to conduct ground-based test launches. Both types of testing had been standard procedure during Soviet times. Kovalyov also criticised the poor quality of missile components provided by a large number of sub-contractors and the absence of military representatives at manufacturing plants.[citation needed]
The2009 Norwegian spiral anomalies, a temporary strange light phenomenon over vast areas of northern Norway have been explained with a failed stage of a Bulava missile test.[30][31] According to a spokesman, "The missile's first two stages worked as normal, but there was a technical malfunction at the next, third, stage of the trajectory".[32][33]
Due to the delays in Bulava's development, the launch of the fourth Borei-class submarine,Svyatitel Nikolay, was pushed back.[citation needed] Russia was planning to build eight Borei-class submarines by 2015.[citation needed]
Only one Typhoon-class submarine,Dmitry Donskoy, was modified to launch Bulavas. The Bulava program is the most expensive weapons project in Russia.[14]
Despite continued test failures, theRussian defense minister,Anatoliy Serdyukov, has stated that the project will not be abandoned. "We will certainly not give up the Bulava. I think that despite all the failures, the missile will fly," he said in an interview in late December 2009. The Russian military has been adamant that there is no alternative to Bulava.[citation needed]
There has been discussions among analysts about the possibility of re-equipping the Borei-class submarines with the more reliable liquid-propellantR-29RMU Sineva missiles. The Sineva is an upgrade of theR-29RM Shtil and entered service in 2007. According toRIA Novosti military analyst Ilya Kramnik, this would have been an attractive option, given that the less advanced Sineva missiles already have "virtually the same impressive specifications as theTrident II (D5) SLBMs wielded by theU.S. Navy and theRoyal Navy." However, the work needed to redesign and modify the Borei-class submarines to carry Sinevas is regarded as too expensive.[citation needed]
After a launch failure in December 2009 caused by a defective engine nozzle and which led to the2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly, further tests were put on hold and a review of the missile program was initiated. The results of the probe were delivered to the Russian government in May 2010.[citation needed]
Testing was resumed for the first time after the probe on 7 October 2010. The missile was launched from the submergedDmitry Donskoy, in theWhite Sea, and the warheads successfully hit their targets at theKura testing range, 380 kilometres (240 mi) to the north ofPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in theRussian Far East.[citation needed] The launch reportedly took place at 07:15 UTC.[34] The missile travelled over 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi), and the rocket's trajectory was within the normal parameters, according to a Navy official.[35]
The second test launch in 2010 fromDmitry Donskoy was set to 29 October[7] and was successful.[citation needed]
The next test to be performed fromYuriy Dolgorukiy was initially planned to December 2010, but was postponed to mid-summer 2011 due to ice conditions in White Sea.[36]
According to the Russian Vice PremierSergei Ivanov another six successful launches (one planned in 2010, other five in 2011) will be required before the missile could be commissioned.[37]
In August 2012 a high-ranking official of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said in 2012 Russia will test fire its Bulava missile only once, in November, specifically from the nuclear-powered submarineAlexander Nevsky.[38]
Bulava was finally commissioned with its lead carrierYuri Dolgorukiy on 10 January 2013. The official ceremony of raising the Russian Navy colors on the submarine was led by Russian Defense MinisterSergey Shoigu. After another failed launch in September, Shoigu announced a pause in the state trials of the next two submarines and five more test launches.[citation needed] The entire production run of the missiles was then recalled for factory inspections.[39]
| # | Date | Result | Position | Submarine | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | 24 June 2004 | Failure | Surfaced | Dmitriy Donskoi | Solid-propellant engine exploded during the test.[citation needed] |
| 02 | 23 September 2004 | Success | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | Ejection of a full mock-up of the Bulava missile from a submerged position.[citation needed] |
| 03 | 27 September 2005 | Success | Surfaced | Dmitriy Donskoi | First flight test. The missile flew for 14 minutes and covered a distance of 5,500 km (3,400 mi). Warheads hit all designated targets at the testing grounds.[citation needed] |
| 04 | 21 December 2005 | Success | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | All targets at theKura Missile Test Range were hit.[citation needed] |
| 05 | 7 September 2006 | Failure | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | A glitch in the program caused the missile to deviate from set trajectory and fall into the sea before reaching the target.[citation needed] |
| 06 | 25 October 2006 | Failure | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | The missile deviated from the trajectory, self-destructed and fell into theWhite Sea.[citation needed] |
| 07 | 24 December 2006 | Failure | Surfaced | Dmitriy Donskoi | Malfunction of the third-stage engine caused the missile to self-destruct.[citation needed] |
| 08 | 29 June 2007 | Success | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | Warheads hit targets at the Kura Missile Test Range.[citation needed] |
| 09 | 18 September 2008 | Success | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | Launch at 18:45, warheads hit target at 19:05.[citation needed] |
| 10 | 28 November 2008 | Success | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | The first statements suggests that the test was a success.[citation needed] |
| 11 | 23 December 2008 | Failure | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | The missile malfunctioned during firing of its third-stage and self-destructed on command.[40] |
| 12 | 15 July 2009 | Failure | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | The missile self-destructed after a malfunction during the first-stage of its flight from the White Sea.[41] |
| 13 | 9 December 2009 | Failure | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | The missile test failed due to a malfunction in the third-stage engine.[citation needed] Notably caused the2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly. |
| 14 | 7 October 2010 | Success | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | Targets at the Kura Missile Test Range in theRussian Far East were successfully hit.[citation needed] |
| 15 | 29 October 2010 | Success | Submerged | Dmitriy Donskoi | Launch from the White Sea. Targets at the Kura Missile Test Range were hit successfully.[citation needed] |
| 16 | 27 June 2011 | Success | Submerged | Yury Dolgorukiy | First launch from standard missile carrier from the White Sea. Targets at the Kura Missile Test Range were hit successfully.[42] |
| 17 | 27 August 2011 | Success | Submerged | Yury Dolgorukiy | Maximum flight range test, launch from theWhite Sea from a submerged position. Target at thePacific Ocean was hit successfully.[citation needed] |
| 18 | 28 October 2011 | Success | Submerged | Yury Dolgorukiy | Successful launch from the White Sea. Warheads hit target at the Kura Missile Test Range inKamchatka.[43] |
| 19 | 23 December 2011 | Success | Submerged | Yury Dolgorukiy | A salvo launch involving two missiles. Warheads hit designated targets at the Kura Missile Test Range in Kamchatka.[citation needed] |
| 20 | 6 September 2013 | Failure | Submerged | Alexander Nevsky | A malfunction in one of its systems on the second minute of the flight.[citation needed] |
| 21 | 9 September 2014 | Success | Submerged | Vladimir Monomakh | The missile was launched from a location off northwest Russia's White Sea and hit a designated target at the Kura Missile Test Range.[citation needed] |
| 22 | 29 October 2014 | Success | Submerged | Yury Dolgorukiy | The missile successfully hit all targets at the Kura Missile Test Range.[44] |
| 23 | 28 November 2014 | Success | Submerged | Alexander Nevsky | Alexander Nevsky fired the missile from under water in theBarents Sea and it landed on a military training ground in Kamchatka, as planned.[45] |
| 24 | 15 November 2015 | Failure orsuccess | Submerged | Vladimir Monomakh | According toPravda.ru, one of the missiles self-destructed during the boost phase and the other demonstrated low accuracy. After being sent back to the manufacturer, it was determined that the missiles failed due to manufacturing defects.[46] Other sources state the two missiles were flown successfully and the warheads hit the designated targets at the Kura Missile Test Range.[47][48] |
| 25 | 27 September 2016 | Partial Success | Submerged | Yury Dolgorukiy | Two missiles were launched, one successfully struck a designated target at the Kura Missile Test Range, another one self-destructed.[49] |
| 26 | 26 June 2017 | Success | Submerged | Yury Dolgorukiy | Warheads of the Bulava missile performed a full cycle of the flight and successfully hit the designated targets at the Kura Missile Test Range in Kamchatka.[50][51] |
| 27 | 22 May 2018 | Success | Submerged | Yury Dolgorukiy | Fired a salvo of four missiles from submerged position. Tactical and technical characteristics and reliability of the strategic missile submarineYury Dolgorukiy and the Bulava missile were confirmed. This was the first time Russia test-launched such number of SLBMs since theOperation Behemoth-2 on 6 August 1991.[52][53] |
| 28 | 24 August 2019 | Success | Submerged | Yury Dolgorukiy | Fired a Bulava missile from the Barents Sea as part of combat training. Warheads hit targets at the Kura Missile Test Range in Kamchatka.[54][55] |
| 29 | 30 October 2019 | Success | Submerged | Knyaz Vladimir | Fired a Bulava missile from the White Sea from submerged position as part of submarine trials. Warheads hit targets at the Kura Missile Test Range in Kamchatka.[56][57] |
| 30 | 12 December 2020 | Success | Submerged | Vladimir Monomakh | Fired a salvo of four missiles from submerged position. Warheads have hit targets at the Chiza Missile Test Range in Kanin peninsula.[58] |
| 31 | 21 October 2021 | Success | Submerged | Knyaz Oleg | Fired one missile from submerged position in the White Sea. Warheads have successfully hit targets at the Kura Missile Test Range in Kamchatka.[59] |
| 32 | 3 November 2022 | Success | Submerged | Generalissimus Suvorov | Fired one missile from submerged position in the White Sea. Warheads have successfully hit targets at the Kura Missile Test Range in Kamchatka.[60] |
| 33 | 5 November 2023 | Success | Submerged | Imperator Aleksandr III | Fired one missile from submerged position in the White Sea. Warheads have successfully hit targets at the Kura Missile Test Range in Kamchatka.[61] |
| 34 | 30 October 2024 | Success | Knyaz Oleg | Fired one missile from position in the Okhotsk Sea. Warheads have hit targets at the Chiza Missile Test Range in Kanin peninsula.[62] |
In October 2010 it was reported that 150-170 operational missiles would be built (124 active + reserve for training and tests).[63] After the successful launch on 27 June 2011, the Russian government announced the start of serial production of Bulava missiles.[64] On 10 January 2013, Bulava was adopted into experimental service with its lead carrier submarineYuri Dolgorukiy. It was reported in June 2018 that the missile has been accepted for service by the Russian Navy after its successful test firings conducted in 2018.[2] Russian state media reported on 14 May 2024 that the missile officially entered service on 7 May.[65]
Bulava R-30 Russia | Trident C4 United States | Trident D5 United States | M51 (missile) France | JL-2 China | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of stages | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Length of assembled missile without front section, m | 11.5 | 10.3 | 13.59 | 12 | 13 |
| Maximum diameter of missile airframe (without stabilizers, raceways, protruding elements), m | 2 | 1.88 | 2.11 | 2.3 | 2 |
| Launch weight, tonnes | 36.8 | 32.3 | 58.5 | 52 | 42 |
| Total length of missile as a unit with launch canister (with front section), m | 12.1 | n/a | 13.58 | n/a | n/a |
| Throw weight, kg | 1,150 | 1,500 | 2,800 | n/a | n/a |
| Throw Weight (kg) Per Tonne | 31.25 | 46.44 | 47.86 | n/a | n/a |
| Warhead | 6-10 × 100-150 kt | 8 × 100 kt | 8 × 475 kt (Mk-5RV); 14 × 90-100 kt (Mk-4/Mk-4A); ≥1 × 5-7 kt (W76-2) | 6-10 × 100-300 kt | 1 × 1 Mt |
| Operational range, km | 8,000-15,000 | 7,400 | 6,700-12,000 | 8,000-10,000 | 7,200 |
| Accuracy, CEP (meters) | 350 | 229-500 | 100-381 (Mk-4 RV, to be retired)[67] | 150-200 | n/a |
| Navigation | astro-inertial,GLONASS | astro-inertial | astro-inertial,GPS | astro-inertial,Galileo | astro-inertial,BeiDou |
| In service | 2018–present | 1979 - 2005 | 1990–present | 2010–present | 2015–present |
