Amicrowave cavity orradio frequency cavity (RF cavity) is a special type ofresonator, consisting of a closed (or largely closed) metal structure that confineselectromagnetic fields in themicrowave orRF region of the spectrum. The structure is either hollow or filled withdielectric material. The microwaves bounce back and forth between the walls of the cavity. At the cavity'sresonant frequencies they reinforce to formstanding waves in the cavity. Therefore, the cavity functions similarly to anorgan pipe orsound box in a musical instrument, oscillating preferentially at a series of frequencies, its resonant frequencies. Thus it can act as abandpass filter, allowing microwaves of a particular frequency to pass while blocking microwaves at nearby frequencies.

A microwave cavity acts similarly to aresonant circuit with extremely low loss at itsfrequency of operation, resulting inquality factors (Q factors) up to the order of 10⁶, for copper cavities, compared to 10² for circuits made with separateinductors andcapacitors at the same frequency. Forsuperconducting cavities, quality factors up to the order of 10¹⁰ are possible. They are used in place of resonant circuits at microwave frequencies, since at these frequencies discrete resonant circuits cannot be built because the values of inductance and capacitance needed are too low. They are used inoscillators andtransmitters to create microwave signals, and asfilters to separate a signal at a given frequency from other signals, in equipment such asradar equipment,microwave relay stations, satellite communications, andmicrowave ovens.

RF cavities can also manipulatecharged particles passing through them by application ofacceleration voltage and are thus used inparticle accelerators and microwavevacuum tubes such asklystrons andmagnetrons.

Most resonant cavities are made from closed (or short-circuited) sections ofwaveguide or high-permittivitydielectric material (seedielectric resonator). Electric and magnetic energy is stored in the cavity. This energy decays over time due to several possible loss mechanisms.

The section on 'Physics of SRF cavities' in the article onsuperconducting radio frequency contains a number of important and useful expressions which apply to any microwave cavity:

The energy stored in the cavity is given by the integral of field energy density over its volume,

${\displaystyle U=\frac{{\mu }_0}{2}\int |\overrightarrow{H}{|}^{2}dV}$ ,

where:

H is the magnetic field in the cavity and

μ₀ is the permeability of free space.

The power dissipated due just to the resistivity of the cavity's walls is given by the integral of resistive wall losses over its surface,

${\displaystyle P_d=\frac{R_s}{2}\int |\overrightarrow{H}{|}^{2}dS}$ ,

where:

R_s is the surface resistance.

For copper cavities operating near room temperature,R_s is simply determined by the empirically measured bulk electrical conductivityσ see Ramo et al pp.288-289^[2]

${\displaystyle R_{snormal}=\sqrt{\frac{\omega {\mu }_0}{2\sigma }}}$.

A resonator's quality factor is defined by

${\displaystyle Q_o=\frac{\omega U}{P_d}}$,

where:

ω is the resonant frequency in [rad/s],

U is the energy stored in [J], and

P_d is the power dissipated in [W] in the cavity to maintain the energyU.

Basic losses are due to finiteconductivity of cavity walls anddielectric losses of material filling the cavity. Other loss mechanisms exist in evacuated cavities, for example themultipactor effect orfield electron emission. Both multipactor effect and field electron emission generate copious electrons inside the cavity. These electrons are accelerated by the electric field in the cavity and thus extract energy from the stored energy of the cavity. Eventually the electrons strike the walls of the cavity and lose their energy. Insuperconducting radio frequency cavities there are additional energy loss mechanisms associated with the deterioration of the electric conductivity of the superconducting surface due to heating or contamination.

Every cavity has numerous resonant frequencies that correspond to electromagnetic field modes satisfying necessary boundary conditions on the walls of the cavity. Because of these boundary conditions that must be satisfied at resonance (tangential electric fields must be zero at cavity walls), at resonance, cavity dimensions must satisfy particular values. Depending on the resonancetransverse mode, transverse cavity dimensions may be constrained to expressions related to geometric functions, or to zeros ofBessel functions or their derivatives (see below), depending on the symmetry properties of the cavity's shape. Alternately it follows that cavity length must be an integer multiple of half-wavelength at resonance (see page 451 of Ramo et al^[2]). In this case, a resonant cavity can be thought of as a resonance in a short circuited half-wavelengthtransmission line.

The external dimensions of a cavity can be made considerably smaller at its lowest frequency mode by loading the cavity with either capacitive or inductive elements. Loaded cavities usually have lower symmetries and compromise certain performance indicators, such as the bestQ factor. As examples, the reentrant cavity^[3] andhelical resonator are capacitive and inductive loaded cavities, respectively.

Single-cell cavities can be combined in a structure to accelerate particles (such as electrons or ions) more efficiently than a string of independent single cell cavities.^[4] The figure from the U.S. Department of Energy shows a multi-cell superconducting cavity in a clean room at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.

A microwave cavity has a fundamental mode, which exhibits the lowest resonant frequency of all possible resonant modes. For example, the fundamental mode of a cylindrical cavity is the TM₀₁₀ mode. For certain applications, there is motivation to reduce the dimensions of the cavity. This can be done by using a loaded cavity, where a capacitive or an inductive load is integrated in the cavity's structure.

The precise resonant frequency of a loaded cavity must be calculated usingfinite element methods forMaxwell's equations with boundary conditions.

Loaded cavities (or resonators) can also be configured as multi-cell cavities.

Loaded cavities are particularly suited for accelerating low velocity charged particles. This application for many types of loaded cavities, Some common types are listed below.

• The reentrant cavity^[5][3]
• Thehelical resonator

• The spiral resonator^[6]
• The split-ring resonator^[7]

• The quarter wave resonator^[8]
• The half wave resonator.^[9] A variant of the half-wave resonator is the spoke resonator.^[10]
• TheRadio-frequency quadrupole^[11]

.

• CompactCrab cavity. Compact crab cavities are an important upgrade for theLHC.^[12][13]

TheQ factor of a particular mode in a resonant cavity can be calculated. For a cavity with high degrees of symmetry, using analytical expressions of the electric and magnetic field, surface currents in the conducting walls and electric field in dielectric lossy material.^[14] For cavities with arbitrary shapes,finite element methods forMaxwell's equations with boundary conditions must be used. Measurement of the Q of a cavity are done using a VectorNetwork analyzer (electrical), or in the case of a very high Q by measuring the exponential decay time${\displaystyle \tau }$ of the fields, and using the relationship${\displaystyle Q=\pi f\tau }$.

The electromagnetic fields in the cavity are excited via external coupling. An external power source is usually coupled to the cavity by a smallaperture, a small wire probe or a loop, see page 563 of Ramo et al.^[2] External coupling structure has an effect on cavity performance and needs to be considered in the overall analysis, see Montgomery et al page 232.^[15]

The resonant frequencies of a cavity are a function of its geometry.

Resonance frequencies of a rectangular microwave cavity for any${\displaystyle T{E}_{mnl}}$ or${\displaystyle T{M}_{mnl}}$ resonant mode can be found by imposing boundary conditions on electromagnetic field expressions. This frequency is given at page 546 of Ramo et al:^[2]

1

where${\displaystyle k_{mnl}}$ is thewavenumber, with${\displaystyle m}$,${\displaystyle n}$,${\displaystyle l}$ being the mode numbers and${\displaystyle a}$,${\displaystyle b}$,${\displaystyle d}$ being the corresponding dimensions; c is the speed of light in vacuum; and${\displaystyle {\mu }_r}$ and${\displaystyle {ϵ}_r}$ are relativepermeability andpermittivity of the cavity filling respectively.

The field solutions of a cylindrical cavity of length${\displaystyle L}$ and radius${\displaystyle R}$ follow from the solutions of a cylindricalwaveguide with additional electric boundary conditions at the position of the enclosing plates. The resonance frequencies are different for TE and TM modes.

TM modes

See Jackson^[16]

${\displaystyle f_{mnp}=\frac{c}{2\pi \sqrt{{\mu }_r{ϵ}_r}}\sqrt{{\left(\frac{X_{mn}}{R}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{p\pi }{L}\right)}^2}}$

2a

TE modes

See Jackson^[16]

${\displaystyle f_{mnp}=\frac{c}{2\pi \sqrt{{\mu }_r{ϵ}_r}}\sqrt{{\left(\frac{X_{mn}^{\prime }}{R}\right)}^2+{\left(\frac{p\pi }{L}\right)}^2}}$

2b

Here,${\displaystyle X_{mn}}$ denotes the${\displaystyle n}$-th zero of the${\displaystyle m}$-thBessel function, and${\displaystyle X_{mn}^{\prime }}$ denotes the${\displaystyle n}$-th zero of thederivative of the${\displaystyle m}$-th Bessel function.${\displaystyle {\mu }_r}$ and${\displaystyle {ϵ}_r}$ are relativepermeability andpermittivity respectively.

Thequality factor${\displaystyle Q}$ of a cavity can be decomposed into three parts, representing different power loss mechanisms.

• ${\displaystyle Q_c}$, resulting from the power loss in the walls which have finite conductivity. The Q of the lowest frequency mode, or "fundamental mode" are calculated, see pp. 541-551 in Ramo et al^[2] for a rectangular cavity (Equation 3a) with dimensions${\displaystyle a,b,d}$ and parameters${\displaystyle l=1,m=0,n=0}$, and the${\displaystyle T{M}_{010}}$ mode of a cylindrical cavity (Equation 3b) with parameters${\displaystyle m=0,n=1,p=0}$ as defined above.

${\displaystyle Q_c=\frac{\pi \eta }{4R_s}\cdot \frac{2b{\left(a^2+d^2\right)}^{1.5}}{ad\left(a^2+d^2\right)+2b\left(a^3+d^3\right)},}$

3a

${\displaystyle Q_c=\frac{\eta }{2R_s}\cdot \frac{X_{01}}{\frac{a}{d}+1},}$

3b

where${\displaystyle \eta }$ is theintrinsic impedance of the dielectric,${\displaystyle R_s}$ is thesurface resistivity of the cavity walls. Note that${\displaystyle X_{01}\approx 2.405}$.

• ${\displaystyle Q_d}$, resulting from the power loss in the lossydielectric material filling the cavity, where${\displaystyle \tan \delta }$ is theloss tangent of the dielectric

${\displaystyle Q_d=\frac{1}{\tan \delta }}$

4

• ${\displaystyle Q_{ext}}$, resulting from power loss through unclosed surfaces (holes) of the cavity geometry.

Total Q factor of the cavity can be found as in page 567 of Ramo et al^[2]

${\displaystyle Q={\left(\frac{1}{Q_c}+\frac{1}{Q_d}+\frac{1}{Q_{ext}}\right)}^{-1}}$

5

Microwave resonant cavities can be represented and thought of as simpleLC circuits, see Montgomery et al pages 207-239.^[15] For a microwave cavity, the stored electric energy is equal to the stored magnetic energy at resonance as is the case for a resonantLC circuit. In terms of inductance and capacitance, the resonant frequency for a given${\displaystyle mnl}$ mode can be written as given in Montgomery et al page 209^[15]

${\displaystyle L_{mnl}=\mu k_{mnl}^{2}V}$

6

${\displaystyle C_{mnl}=\frac{ϵ}{k_{mnl}^{4}V}}$

7

8

where V is the cavity volume,${\displaystyle k_{mnl}}$ is the mode wavenumber and${\displaystyle ϵ}$ and${\displaystyle \mu }$ are permittivity and permeability respectively.

To better understand the utility of resonant cavities at microwave frequencies, it is useful to note that conventional inductors and capacitors start to become impractically small with frequency in theVHF, and definitely so for frequencies above onegigahertz. Because of their low losses and high Q factors, cavity resonators are preferred over conventional LC and transmission-line resonators at high frequencies.

Conventional inductors are usually wound from wire in the shape of ahelix with no core.Skin effect causes the high frequency resistance of inductors to be many times theirdirect current resistance. In addition, capacitance between turns causesdielectric losses in theinsulation which coats the wires. These effects make the high frequency resistance greater and decrease the Q factor.

Conventional capacitors useair,mica,ceramic or perhapsteflon for a dielectric. Even with a low loss dielectric, capacitors are also subject to skin effect losses in theirleads andplates. Both effects increase theirequivalent series resistance and reduce their Q.

Even if the Q factor of VHF inductors and capacitors is high enough to be useful, theirparasitic properties can significantly affect their performance in this frequency range. The shunt capacitance of an inductor may be more significant than its desirable series inductance. The series inductance of a capacitor may be more significant than its desirable shunt capacitance. As a result, in the VHF or microwave regions, a capacitor may appear to be an inductor and an inductor may appear to be a capacitor. These phenomena are better known asparasitic inductance andparasitic capacitance.

Dielectric loss of air is extremely low for high-frequency electric or magnetic fields. Air-filled microwave cavities confine electric and magnetic fields to the air spaces between their walls. Electric losses in such cavities are almost exclusively due to currents flowing in cavity walls. While losses from wall currents are small, cavities are frequentlyplated withsilver to increase theirelectrical conductivity and reduce these losses even further.Copper cavities frequentlyoxidize, which increases their loss. Silver orgold plating prevents oxidation and reduces electrical losses in cavity walls. Even though gold is not quite as good a conductor as copper, it still prevents oxidation and the resulting deterioration of Q factor over time. However, because of its high cost, it is used only in the most demanding applications.

Some satellite resonators are silver-plated and covered with agold flash layer. The current then mostly flows in the high-conductivity silver layer, while the gold flash layer protects the silver layer from oxidizing.

• Cavity Resonators,The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 23
• Crab cavity for the LHC

• Microwave technology
• Accelerator physics

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