This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "RAF St Eval" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

RAF St Eval USAAF Station 129
St Eval,Cornwall in England
RAF St Eval airfield on 18 July 1942
Site information
Type	Royal Air Force Station
Owner	Air Ministry
Operator	Royal Air Force United States Army Air Forces
Controlled by	RAF Fighter Command RAF Coastal Command
Location
RAF St Eval Shown within Cornwall Show map of Cornwall RAF St Eval RAF St Eval (the United Kingdom) Show map of the United Kingdom
Coordinates	50°28′41″N004°59′58″W / 50.47806°N 4.99944°W /50.47806; -4.99944
Site history
Built	1938 (1938)
In use	1939 - 1959 (1959)
Battles/wars	European theatre of World War II
Airfield information
Elevation	98 metres (322 ft)AMSL
Runways Direction Length and surface 06/24 1,750 metres (5,741 ft) Concrete 12/30 1,700 metres (5,577 ft) Concrete 18/36 1,430 metres (4,692 ft) Concrete

Royal Air Force St Eval orRAF St Eval is a formerRoyal Air Force station for theRAF Coastal Command, southwest ofPadstow inCornwall, England, UK. St Eval's primary role was to provide anti-submarine and anti-shipping patrols off the south west coast. Aircraft from the airfield were also used for photographic reconnaissance missions, meteorological flights, convoy patrols,air-sea rescue missions and protection of the airfield from theLuftwaffe.

The Royal Air Force's 1930s expansion plan included a requirement for a station to provide anti-submarine and anti-shipping patrols off the South-west coast of England. The site at St Eval was chosen as a Coastal Command airfield and work started in 1938.^[1] Five widely dispersed cottages, two houses and portions of two farms were acquired bycompulsory purchase; the village ofSt Eval was completely demolished in order to build the airfield. Levelling of the site by G Wallace Ltd involved the removal by bulldozers of manyCornish hedges and three ancienttumuli.^[2] One householder tried to hold out against the authorities and refused to leave his cottage for several days. Only the church survived which the RAF adopted as their station church and it still stands today.^[1][3] The work progressed well and RAF St Eval opened on 2 October 1939.

In June 1940 St Eval became aFighter Command sector headquarters during theBattle of Britain andSupermarine Spitfires were stationed there.^[4] These were joined byHawker Hurricane andBristol Blenheim fighters. The station's aircraft took an active part in the conflict.

The formation in December 1940 of No 404 (later 1404) Meteorological Flight was significant. The flight was tasked with providing basic weather data on which the Command meteorologists could base their forecasts. It was a role which St Eval performed throughout the war.

The presence of the Spitfires was not a great success as the Luftwaffe's change in tactics led to an increase in night raids for which the Spitfires were not suited. Therefore,238 Squadron were posted in with Hurricanes. The airfield was hit a number of times in the summer of 1940 and early 1941. This caused considerable damage and casualties with the Germans carrying out further raids in May 1942, causing damage to buildings and the destruction of aircraft. St Eval was equipped with agreen box barrage rocket device which sent a steel wire curtain into the air to descend on parachutes. This was intended to enmesh enemy aircraft and cause them to crash, but the device was unsuccessful.

On 6 April 1941 a small force ofBeauforts from22 Squadron, operating on detachment from St Eval, launched an attack on the German battleshipGneisenau inBrest harbour. A Beaufort was able to launch a torpedo at point blank range but was shot down. However, the ship was severely damaged below the water line, so was obliged to return to the dock for repair. The pilot of the Beaufort, Flying OfficerKenneth Campbell RAF, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.^[6]

On 9 January 1942, aSupermarine Walrus of theIrish Air Corps was stolen fromRineanna airfield, Country Clare, by four Irish servicemen. Their intention was to fly to France to join the Luftwaffe. However, they were intercepted by RAF Spitfires and escorted to St Eval, where they landed and were detained by RAF Police. Subsequently, they and the aircraft were returned to Ireland.^[7][8]

In the summer of 1942No. 61 Squadron was twice loaned to Coastal Command for anti-submarine operations in theBay of Biscay. It was detached from its station inRutland to St Eval and on the very first occasion that it operated from there – on 17 July 1942 – a crew became the first inRAF Bomber Command to bring back irrefutable evidence that they had destroyed aU-boat at sea – a photograph showing the U-boat crew in the water swimming away from their sinking vessel.

To boost the anti-submarine forces and to gain experience in the role, the Americans began to use the airfield (as station 129)^[4] withConsolidated B-24 Liberator bombers of the409th Bombardment Squadron (93d Bombardment Group), being deployed fromRAF Alconbury inHuntingdonshire in October 1942.^[9]

The following month they were replaced by the1st Antisubmarine Squadron being deployed fromLangley Field,Virginia with the2d Antisubmarine Squadron arriving in January 1943 forming the 1st Antisubmarine Group (Provisional) with specialized long-range Liberator bombers equipped with RADAR and other submarine detection equipment. From St. Eval, the squadrons flew killer hunts against German U-boats in the Bay of Biscay. Both of these squadrons were reassigned toPort Lyautey inFrench Morocco in March 1943 to shore up scanty Allied anti-submarine defences in the Atlantic approaches to theStraits of Gibraltar. German U-boats had very recently sunk four ships in an Allied convoy about a hundred miles off the coast ofPortugal. Also, over the long term, the Allies wanted to increase air anti-submarine patrols and convoy coverage to secure their preparations for the impending Tunisian offensive and the subsequent invasion of Sicily.

TheArmy Air Forces Antisubmarine Command formed the479th Antisubmarine Group at St Eval in July with four squadrons of Liberators to continue the antisubmarine campaign. The 479th's most effective antisubmarine patrols were conducted from 18 July to 2 August 1943, the period in which the group made nearly all of its attacks on the U-boats. After that time the Germans avoided surfacing during daylight and adopted a policy of evasion, but the group continued its patrols, often engaging Luftwaffe fighter interceptor aircraft.

This was once again a short-lived arrangement and the group took its Liberators toRAF Dunkeswell on 6 August, ending the American use of the station.

On 20 June 1943, in the Bay of Biscay, one of a pair of Whitleys operated by 10 OTU from St. Eval was shot down while attacking a submarine believed to be theBarbarigo, of the Italian navy. All of the Whitley's crew were killed.^[10]

In August 1943 aWhitley and Liberator collided on the runway. The Whitley caught fire which cooked the depth charges and caused a massive explosion and the loss of both the aircraft and crews. The collision was in part due to the poor runway layout, with a blind spot that hid one aircraft from the other.^[11]

The importance of St Eval was such that it was given aFIDO installation in early 1944 for dispersal of fog around the runway so that aircraft could land safely.^[12] The thick sea-fogs that rolled in off the sea meant that St Eval was the only FIDO base that was equipped with additional burners, set outwards of 75 yards (69 m) from the other burners.^[13] St Eval was destined to have a busy time during the allied invasion of Europe.

It was home to three RAF Liberator squadrons (53, 224, 547). Many of these were equipped with the highly successfulLeigh Light.^[11] In April, a fourth squadron arrived, giving the station one of the most powerful anti-submarine forces in theRAF. This force flew thousands of hours of patrols each month and was rewarded with a number of sightings, many of which were converted into attacks, with at least three confirmed U-boat kills in June alone.

The Allied capture of French ports meant that the U-boat threat was drastically reduced. This meant that the units posted to St Eval could be better used elsewhere and by the autumn of 1944 the airfield was a shadow of its former self.

The station continued to be used for maritime patrols and search and rescue duties. It was also a site for diversions with a number of military and commercial aircraft making use of St Eval due to bad weather at their destination airfield. The Station closed on 6 March 1959, with the existing squadrons moving to nearbyRAF St. Mawgan.^[14] The airfield became home to the transmitters and aerial farm used for the low frequency communications used by the maritime Nimrods flying from RAF St Mawgan with the receiver site near RAF Mountbatten,Plymouth.

The site is home to ahigh frequency transmitter station forming part of theDefence High Frequency Communications Service. The station is operated byBabcock International Group on behalf of theMinistry of Defence.^[15][16]

There are various memorials in St Ulvelus church, including a Book of Remembrance, a memorial window and a memorial to the crew of Shackleton VP254, who were killed in a crash off theBorneo coast on 9 December 1958.

A memorial tablet to the two crews of Shackletons WG531 and WL743 (squadron codes A-H and A-F respectively) of No.42 Squadron that probably collided whilst on anexercise off theFastnet Rock on 11 January 1955, is displayed inSt Columba's church,St Columb Major.

A memorial was unveiled on the site of the base in 2005 which commemorates the aircrew and ground staff who were killed during the Second World War in patrols, or casualties of bombing raids.^[17]

The following units were also here at some point:^[26]

• No. 67 Maintenance Unit RAF
• No. 2731 Squadron RAF Regiment
• No. 2738 Squadron RAF Regiment
• No. 2782 Squadron RAF Regiment
• Signals Development Unit RAF

• St Eval
• Anti-submarine warfare
• List of former Royal Air Force stations

• Airfield Focus - 7:St Eval by Chris Ashworth (ISBN 1-870384-19-9)
• The Military airfields of Britain, South-Western England (ISBN 1-86126-810-6)
• A Guide to Airfields of South Western England, Baron Jay Publishers
• Ashworth, Chris (1982).Action Stations 5; Military Airfields of the South-West. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens.ISBN 0-85059-510-X.
• Jefford, C G (1988).RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912.Shrewsbury: Airlife.ISBN 1-85310-053-6.

• Official RAF website
• Atlantik Wall - RAF St Eval

• Military airbases established in 1939
• Military history of Cornwall
• Military airbases closed in 1959
• Royal Air Force stations in Cornwall
• Royal Air Force stations of World War II in the United Kingdom

• Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• Articles needing additional references from December 2012
• All articles needing additional references
• Use British English from May 2013
• All Wikipedia articles written in British English
• Use dmy dates from August 2021
• Coordinates on Wikidata