R.K. Laxman | |
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| Born | Rasipuram Krishnaswami Laxman (1921-10-24)24 October 1921 |
| Died | 26 January 2015(2015-01-26) (aged 93) |
| Occupation(s) | Cartoonist,illustrator |
| Known for | Common Man |
| Spouses | |
| Relatives | R. K. Narayan (brother) |
| Awards | Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Ramon Magsaysay Award |
| Website | http://rklaxman.com/ |
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Rasipuram Krishnaswami Laxman[1] (24 October 1921 – 26 January 2015) was an Indian cartoonist, illustrator, and humorist.[2] He was best known for his creationThe Common Man and for his daily cartoon strip,You Said It inThe Times of India, which started in 1951.[3]
R. K. Laxman started his career as a part-time cartoonist, working mostly for local newspapers and magazines. While as a college student, he illustrated his older brotherR. K. Narayan's stories inThe Hindu.[4] His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist forThe Free Press Journal in Mumbai. Later, he joinedThe Times of India, and became famous forThe Common Man character, which turned out to be the turning point in Laxman's life.
R. K. Laxman was born inMysore in 1921 in a Tamil[1] Hindu family.[5][6] His father was a headmaster and Laxman was the youngest of eight children: six sons and two daughters.[7][8] His elder brother was novelistR.K. Narayan. Laxman was known as "Pied Piper of Delhi".[9]
An ill-mannered student in school, he was often punished by his teachers for misbehaving. In his words, “I felt wretched in the classroom. I am convinced that school-learning is unnatural and bad for human beings.”[10] His academic performance was poor, and it was in this time that his inclination to art blossomed.
Laxman was fascinated by the illustrations in magazines such asThe Strand,Punch,Bystander,Wide World andTit-Bits, before he had even begun to read.[11] Soon, at three years old, he was drawing on his own, on the floors, walls and doors of his house anddoodlingcaricatures of his teachers at school; praised by a teacher for his drawing of apeepal leaf, he began to think of himself as an artist in the making.[12] Laxman notes in his autobiography,The Tunnel of Time:
I drew objects that caught my eye outside the window of my room – the dry twigs, leaves and lizard-like creatures crawling about, the servant chopping firewood and, of course, and number of crows in various postures on the rooftops of the buildings opposite
— R. K. Laxman[13]
At age nine, Laxman decided to be an artist. He would cycle around Mysore and observe the nature around him while looking for something to paint. Eventually, he found and studied illustrations in foreign magazines, and was influenced by other artists likeSir David Low (whose signature he misread as “cow” for a long time), a British cartoonist who appeared now and then inThe Hindu.[12] He then began to illustrate cartoons satirizing international names likeWinston Churchill,Adolf Hitler, andMahatma Gandhi, and found local papers that were willing to publish them.
Laxman was the captain of his local "Rough and Tough and Jolly"cricket team and his antics inspired the stories "Dodu the Money Maker" and "The Regal Cricket Club" written by his brother, Narayan.[14] Laxman's idyllic childhood was shaken for a while when his father suffered a paralytic stroke and died around a year later, but the elders at home bore most of the increased responsibility, while Laxman continued with his schooling.[15]
After high school Maharaja's Govt. High School, Mysore, Laxman applied to theSir J.J. Institute of Applied Art hoping to concentrate on his lifelong interests of drawing and painting, but the dean of the school wrote to him that his drawings lacked "the kind of talent to qualify for enrolment in our institution as a student", and refused admission.[16] He finally graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from theUniversity of Mysore. In the meantime he continued his freelance artistic activities and contributed cartoons toSwarajya and an animated film based on the mythological characterNarada.[17]
R.K Laxman's earliest work was for newspapers Rohan and magazines includingSwarajya andBlitz. While still at theMaharaja College of Mysore, he began to illustrate his elder brother R. K. Narayan's stories inThe Hindu, and he drewpolitical cartoons for the local newspapers and for theSwatantra. Laxman also drew cartoons for theKannada humour magazine,Koravanji which was founded in 1942 by M. Shivaram who had a clinic in the Majestic area of Bangalore. He started this monthly magazine, dedicating it to humorous and satirical articles and cartoons. Shivaram himself was an eminent humourist in Kannada. He encouraged Laxman.Laxman held a summer job at theGemini Studios, Madras. His first full-time job was as a political cartoonist forThe Free Press Journal inMumbai, whereBal Thackeray was his cartoonist colleague. In 1951, Laxman joinedThe Times of India, Mumbai, beginning a career that spanned over fifty years.[18] His "Common Man" character, featured in his pocket cartoons, is portrayed as a witness to the making of democracy.[19] Anthropologist Ritu G. Khanduri notes, "R. K. Laxman structures his cartoon-news through a plot about corruption and a set of characters. This news is visualized and circulates through the recurring figures of the mantri (minister), the Common Man and the trope of modernity symbolized by the airplane (2012: 304)."[20]
Laxman also created a popular mascot for theAsian Paints Ltd group called "Gattu" in 1954.[21][22] He also wrote a few novels, the first one of which was titledThe Hotel Riviera.[23] His cartoons have appeared inHindi films such asMr. & Mrs. '55 and aTamil filmKamaraj. His creations also include the sketches drawn for the television adaptation ofMalgudi Days[24] which was written by his elder brotherR. K. Narayan, directed byShankar Nag, and a Konkan coast based Hindi sitcom,Wagle Ki Duniya. Laxman also drew caricatures of David Low,T. S. Eliot,Dr. Rajkumar,Bertrand Russell,J. B. Priestley andGraham Greene.[23]
Laxman was first married to Kumari Kamala, a Bharatanatyam dancer and film actress who began her film career as a child actress named "Baby Kamala" and graduated into adult roles under the name "Kumari Kamala" ("Miss Kamala"). They had no children and after their divorce in 1960 Laxman married his niece whose first name was again Kamala. She was the author and children's book writer- Kamala Laxman.[25] In a cartoon series named "The star I never met" in film magazineFilmfare he painted a cartoon of Kamala Laxman, with the title "The star I only met!" The couple's son Srinivas Laxman is a Mumbai-based freelance space journalist who has contributed regularly toThe Times of India.[26][27]
In September 2003, Laxman suffered a stroke that left him paralysed on his left side. He recovered from it partially.[citation needed] On the evening of 20 June 2010, Laxman was admitted toBreach Candy Hospital in Mumbai after being transported by anair ambulance fromPune.[28]
Laxman died inDeenanath Mangeshkar Hospital in Pune onIndia's Republic Day in 2015 at the age of 93. He was hospitalised three days earlier for aurinary tract infection and chest problems that ultimately led to multiple organ failure.[29] He had reportedly suffered multiple strokes since 2010.[23][30][31] A cartoon that Laxman had made following the successful landing ofMangalyaan onMars was posted by theIndian Space Research Organisation on itsFacebook andTwitter pages on 27 January.[32]Maharashtra Chief MinisterDevendra Fadnavis announced that Laxman would be accorded astate funeral and a memorial would be built in his honour. Laxman's body was kept at theSymbiosis Institute's Pune premises near the "Common Man" statue and his body was cremated at the Vaikunth crematorium.[33]
According to Sushmita Chatterjee, author and professor of Gender Studies at Colorado State, R.K. Laxman’s cartoons provide a sharp satirical lens on Indian democracy, capturing its shortcomings, its strengths, and its contradictions.[34] Thus the iconic Common Man figure was born, serving as both a silent observer and a symbolic representation of the Indian public, witnessing political absurdities and everyday struggles. According to Lee Spiegel– professor and author of Laughing Matters: Comic Traditions in India– Laxman’s style is deeply rooted in the discipline of classical draftsmanship and follows a controlled approach to caricature—never veering into grotesque exaggeration but instead refining details to accentuate character traits.[35] Unlike the high-energy, exaggerated contortions found in Western political cartoons, his caricatures are not chaotic distortions but rather calculated refinements, where every detail– whether in the weary slouch of a bureaucrat or the self-satisfied smirk of a politician– serves an expressive function. Laxman exposes the gap between political promises and reality while still employing humor to highlight institutional flaws and possibilities, never trivializing them.
The cartoons also have a performative dimension, wherein the audience can see democracy’s shortcomings unfold in real time rather than inciting a call for action.[34] To some, this approach to cartoons is ineffective; for instance, Ravi Shankar, also a cartoonist, asserted “There is no political comment, only political statement”.[36] Laxman himself has addressed this inefficacy in his work:
I have been working away at these cartoons for over a quarter of a century now, and I do not think that I can show a single instance of changing the mind of a politician from taking a mad course.... If I had lashed at granite with a feather with the single-minded zeal as I have bestowed on my work, by now I would, perhaps, have been able to show some faint feather marks on the rock ... but not a trace of a dent have my cartoons caused in any sphere of human activity, whether social, economic or political.- R. K. Laxman[35]
However, Chatterjee believes that while some critics argue his satire lacks political activism, it instead fosters a reflective understanding of governance. The Common Man does not intervene; he sees, and this act of seeing—both by the character and by the audience—becomes the central aesthetic and political gesture in Laxman’s work, reinforcing the idea that satire is not merely an instrument of critique but also a means of bearing witness.
Laxman’s storytelling techniques transform single-frame cartoons into ongoing narratives of Indian democracy, his long, prolific career becoming a document of its evolving challenges. The satire is melancholic yet always hopeful– His democracy is a work in progress. Laxman’s cartoons do not merely mock political institutions but evoke continuous scrutiny, reinforcing the idea that democracy needs to be constantly re-examined and re-imagined.
There is a chair named after R. K. Laxman atSymbiosis International University.[40]
Exhibitions of Laxman's cartoons organised byIndian Institute of Cartoonists atIndian Cartoon Gallery.
| Date | Exhibition | Inaugurated by |
|---|---|---|
| 6th Feb 2009 | R. K. Laxman | Jayaramaraje Urs |
| 8th Feb 2012 | R. K. Laxman's Unpublished Doodles | M N Venkatachaliah,Girish Karnad |
| 17th Aug 2013 | Famous Fifteen | Tadao Kagaya(Japanese Cartoonist) |
| 21st Oct 2013 | Best of Laxman | ... |
| 27th Oct 2014 | Faces : Laxman's Caricatures | ... |
| 23rd Jan.2016 | START-UP R. K. Laxman fromKoravanji | Usha Srinivas Laxman, M.Shivakumar, Beluru Ramamurthy |
| 15th Oct 2016 | Unpublished R.K.Laxman[41] | ... |
| 14th Oct 2020 | hadhi Exhibition on his 100th Birth Anniversary | ... |
Many of Laxman’s political cartoons excluded The Common Man, focusing on national and international issues. During the 1975-77 Emergency, Indira Gandhi’s government suppressed opposition, suspended civil rights, and censored criticism, including some of Laxman’s cartoons, as he frequently targeted her policies in the 1970s.[42]
A cartoon by R.K. Laxman on the 1965 anti-Hindi agitation in Tamil Nadu, published in an NCERT textbook, sparked protests. Leaders like Jayalalithaa and Karunanidhi demanded its removal, calling it misleading and offensive to Dravidian leaders. Critics argued cartoons distort history and urged using photographs instead for accuracy.[43]
Everytime political crises or divisive discourse arise in India, Laxman’s cartoons are brought back into circulation. For instance, many of Laxman’s cartoons were shared during the 2020-21 Farmers’ Protests in India. Another, during the 2024 Kolkata rape and murder case, Laxman’s cartoon was shared by politician Sukhendu Sekhar Roy in regards to the public outcry and discourse, which sparked more controversy.[44]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)(He also wrote a book namedBanker Margiah in Kannada to create awareness about Banking, about how to open a bank account by a common man. Later a movie was reseased. Which was awarded National Award as well.).
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